Investigating the Rate of the Reaction between Bromide and Bromate Ions in Acid Solution
Investigating the Rate of the Reaction between Bromide and Bromate Ions in Acid Solution In this investigation, I aim to fully investigate the factors affecting the rate of the reaction between bromide ions and bromate ions in acid solution. The equation of this reaction is given below: 5Br-(aq) + BrO3-(aq) + 6H+(aq) --> 3Br2 (aq) + 3H2O(l) (Equation 1.0.1) I will attempt to find the rate equation for the reaction, in the form: (Equation 1.0.2) where k is the rate constant and x, y, and z are the orders of reaction with respect to Br-, BrO3- and H+ respectively. I will also attempt to find a suitable catalyst for the reaction, as well as the activation enthalpy for the reaction with and without a catalyst. The reaction is a redox reaction: the bromide is oxidised to bromine and the bromate is reduced to bromine. This can be shown by the oxidation states of bromide, bromate and bromine: 5Br-(aq) + BrO3-(aq) + 6H+(aq) --> 3Br2 (aq) + 3H2O(l) Oxidation State: -1 +5 -2 +1 0 +1 -2 I shall be using solutions of Potassium Bromide (KBr) and Potassium Bromate (KBrO3) as sources of bromide and bromate ions for the reaction, and Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) as a source of H+ ions. A solution methyl orange shall be used as an indicator, which will change colour from pink (in acid solution) to colourless when Bromide ions are produced. In order to be able to measure the amount of time
F336- aspirin individual Investigation
Does Temperature Affect The Yield And Purity Of Aspirin? Contents Objectives ) Research using various sources on aspirin with reference to; history ,use in medicine and methods of synthesis 2) produce a sample of aspirin using a method found during research 3) Verify the presence of aspirin and use various method to measure the purity of the manufactured aspirin 4) Carry out investigation to see if temperature effects the yield and purity of aspirin Research History of aspirin 400 BC, Greece - Hippocrates recommended a brew made from willow leaves to ease the pain of child birth. 763, England - A reverend called Edward Stone was walking through a meadow in Oxfordshire while suffering from an acute fever. Stone removed a small piece of bark from a willow tree and nibbled on it. He was struck by its extremely bitter taste, as an educated man he knew that he bark from Peruvian cinchona tree (which has a similar taste) is used in the treatment of malarial fevers. He surmised that the willow might also have therapeutic properties. He gathered and dried a pound of willow bark and created a powder which he gave to about fifty people. It was consistently found to be a "powerful astringent and very efficacious in curing agues and intermitting disorders". He had discovered salicylic acid, the active ingredient in aspirin. 1828, Germany- Johann Büchner isolates pure
Investigating how concentration affects rate of reaction
Investigating How Concentration and Temperature Affect the Rate of Reaction Aim I aim to investigate how the concentration of potassium bromide affect the rate of reaction when added to a solution made up of potassium bromate(V), sulphuric acid and phenol. The general equation for the reaction between bromide and bromate ions in acidic aqueous solution is: (1) BrO3-(aq) + 5Br -(aq) + 6H+(aq) 3Br2(aq) + 3H2O(l) I am going to alter the concentrations of potassium bromide, potassium bromate and sulphuric acid to find the orders of reaction with respect to each reactant. This will allow me to prove that the rate equation for this reaction is: (1, pg 230) Rate = k[BrO3-][Br -][H+]2 I will be working out a value for the rate constant, k, and will also be investigating the affect temperature has on rate of reaction, using my results and the Arrhenius equation to work out the activation enthalpy. Theory: The colour change in this reaction is from an orange, brought about by the methyl orange indicator, to a colourless solution. As bromine is produced in the reaction it, at first, bonds to the phenol. However, when all binding sites on phenol have been used up, the presence of excess bromine will turn the solution colourless. This shows that I am measuring the time taken for all binding sites on phenol to be used up, which explains the change
Comprehensive and Detailed Chemistry notes
. MUCH OF THE WORK OF CHEMISTS INVOLVES MONITORING THE REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS OF REACTIONS AND MANAGING REACTION CONDITIONS * outline the role of a chemist employed in a named industry or enterprise, identifying the branch of chemistry undertaken by the chemist and explaining a chemical principle that the chemist uses * identify the need for collaboration between chemists as they collect and analyse data Chemists usually work in teams. The needs for collaboration are: - The sharing of expertise. Not all chemists work in the same field. - There is a wider knowledge available - Incraeses validity and acuuracy of data and results - Time is saved since data is gathered and analysed in teamwork * describe an example of a chemical reaction such as combustion, where reactants form different products under different conditions and thus would need monitoring Once a reaction takes place, it is important to monitor the reaction. This is because if conditions in the reaction chamber are altered, harmful products may be produced and reaction wouldn't go to completion. Eg: Incomplete combustion - Incomplete combustion of octane: C8H18(l) + 9O2(g) › 3CO2(g) + 3CO(g) + 2C(s) + 9H2O(g) - CO is a poisonous gas which combines strongly with haemoglobin preventing transport of oxygen - Carbon is a pollutant and forms soot - Incomplete combustion occurs in poorly started
The aim of this experiment is to produce Aspirin. This is an estrification in which an alcohol reacts with an acid and a small molecule is often eliminated. The reaction takes place under a concentrated acid catalyst which speeds up the chemical reaction.
Contents Planning Page number * Background Information---------------------------------------- 3 * Aim---------------------------------------------------------------- 4 * Plan - (choices of equipment)--------------------------------- 5 - 15 - (risk assessment) * Synoptic grid----------------------------------------------------- 16 Implementing * Preparation of Aspirin------------------------------------------ 18 - 19 * Melting point determination---------------------------------- 20 * Forward titration------------------------------------------------ 21 - 24 * Back titration---------------------------------------------------- 25 - 28 Analysing * Calculations----------------------------------------------------- 30 - 35 * Conclusion------------------------------------------------------ 36 - 37 Evaluating * Uncertainty associated with measurements--------------- 39 - 46 * Limitations of methods-------------------------------------- 47 * References---------------------------------------------------- 49 Background Information Introduction (1) (2) Aspirin is member of a family of chemicals called salicylates. Aspirin the pain reliever also known by the chemical
Potassium permangonate
An Investigation into the Kinetics of the reaction between Potassium Permanganate and Oxalic Acid with a Sulphuric Acid Catalyst Aim The primary objective of my investigation is determining the orders of reaction for the oxidation of oxalic acid by potassium permanganate, with a sulphuric acid catalyst: 2 MnO4-(aq ) + 5 H2C2O4(aq ) + 6 H3O+(aq ) --> 2Mn2+(aq ) + 10 CO2(aq ) + 14 H2O I will find this by applying alterations to certain factors that affect the rate of the reaction, and observing which ones have a greater bearing. These factors will be the concentrations of each reactant and the catalyst, and also the temperature of the solutions at the time of reaction. I will consider: o What is the rate equation? o What is the order of reaction for each reactant? o What is the activation enthalpy of the reaction? Apparatus * 250 cm³ volumetric flasks * Bulb pipettes-10cm³, 25cm³, 50cm ¯³ * Teat pipettes * 100 cm³ beakers * Distilled water * Digital Thermometer * Water Bath * Colorimeter * Stopclock * Cuvettes Apparatus Descriptions and Justifications The 250 cm³ volumetric flasks have been designed to allow the preparation of solutions, with a very high degree of accuracy regarding both volume and concentration. I will be using class B flasks, which have a tiny error. These volumetric flasks have been calibrated at room temperature, so will be
Deducing the quantity of acid in a solution
Sofia Gaggiotti Chemistry coursework: Deducing the quantity of acid in a solution 20/03/2008 Index Aim and Background information 3 Hazards 3 Protection 4 Method 5 Previous calculations 5 Making the Solution 6 Equipment needed 6 Quantities of materials needed 8 Procedure 8 Making the Titration 9 Equipment needed 10 Procedure 13 References 15 Results and calculations 16 Evaluation 19 Chemistry coursework: Deducing the quantity of acid in a solution Aim and background information The aim of this experiment is to find how to develop and determine an accurate, precise and reliable concentration of an acid rain solution. 1 To do this, we are going to make first a solution of sodium carbonate with distilled water and then a titration in order to calculate the concentration of sulphuric acid in a solution. Solution: a solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. In this mixture, a solute is dissolved in a solvent. Solutions are characterized by interactions between the solvent phase and solute molecules or ions that result in a net decrease in free energy. 2 Titration: a titration is a laboratory technique by which we can determine the concentration of an unknown reagent using another reagent that chemically reacts with the unknown. At the equivalence point (or endpoint) the unknown reagent has been reacted with the known reagent.
Find the enthalpy change of combustion of a number of alcohol's' so that you can investigate how and why the enthalpy change is affected by the molecular structure of the alcohol.
Aim The aim is to find the enthalpy change of combustion of a number of alcohol's' so that you can investigate how and why the enthalpy change is affected by the molecular structure of the alcohol. Background Knowledge Combustion is principally the oxidation of carbon compounds by oxygen in air to form CO2 if there is a sufficient amount of oxygen. The hydrogen in a compound forms H2O. Combustion produces heat as well as carbon dioxide and water. The enthalpy change of combustion is the enthalpy change that occurs when 1 mole of a fuel is burned completely in oxygen. I can use an enthalpy cycle to work the combustion value out only if you have the right information. The energy contained in the bonds of the products is less than the energy contained in the bonds of the reactants. The difference in energy is released as heat. Energy releasing reactions are called exothermic reactions. Calorimetery is a way to determine the amount of heat produced in a reaction. Calorimeters are devices to measure heat released by a reaction. The temperature of the calorimeter increases as heat is released by the reaction. For any reaction to take place bonds must be broken and made Bond breaking requires energy whilst bond making releases energy. Bonds between different atoms require or release different amounts of energy when broken or made because they are different in
The aim of this experiment is to investigate the enthalpy change of combustion for a variety of alcohols and determine how the number of carbon atoms affects the combustion of the alcohol.
The enthalpy change of combustion of alcohols Aim The aim of this experiment is to investigate the enthalpy change of combustion for a variety of alcohols and determine how the number of carbon atoms affects the combustion of the alcohol. 'The standard enthalpy change of combustion is the enthalpy change when one mole of an element or compound reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions. For example a pressure of 100 kilopascals, a temperature of 298 Kelvin, solutions must have a concentration of 1.0 mol/dm3 and also the reactants and products must be in the physical states e.g. solid, liquid or gas, that are normal for these conditions.'1. An example of a combustion reaction of methane is show below. CH4(g) + 2O2 CO2 (g) + 2H2O(l) Prediction & Development of problem I predict that the enthalpy change of combustion will increase as the number of carbon atoms within the alcohol increases. Alcohols form a homologous series. A homologous series is formed by molecules with different carbon chain lengths but with the same functional group and all have similar chemical properties. These aliphatic alcohols have the general formula CnH2n+1OH, (where n is the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule.) The alcohols are given names of the alkane with the corresponding number of carbon atoms with the final 'e' being replaced with 'ol'. Alcohols all have
investigating the amount of ascorbic acid present in fruit
Investigating the Amount of Ascorbic Acid Present in Fruits: Aim: To investigate the amount of ascorbic acid present in samples of fruit. Introduction: What is Ascorbic Acid and Why It Is Needed: Ascorbic acid is another name for vitamin C and is an essential vitamin needed for everyday life. Vitamin C is also soluble in water, which is important to humans since we are unable to synthesize our own ascorbic acid within the liver. It is also an antioxidant (which can help prevent cancer) and is added to foods to protect their colour and aroma. Furthermore ascorbic acid is used to prevent the oxidation of fats and oils by atmospheric oxygen, resulting in the development of rancid flavours. In addition ascorbic acid is vital for the production of collagen (intermolecular substance that gives bones, teeth and cartilage their structure). Other reasons why it is needed include: * Synthesis of bile acids * Maintaining skin elastic * Assists in iron absorption * Improves resistance to infection Deficient Amount of Ascorbic Acid: An insufficient diet of ascorbic acid should be best avoided to refrain from these symptoms such as: * Fatigue * Insomnia * Loss of appetite * Minor capillary bleeding In a very severe case: * Scurvy (in which the legs are shaped in an abnormal way). Using Titration to find out the Known Amount of Vitamin C: The titration method can be used
