How organelles work together

by yolo14 (student)

Diana Nobis 15.1 Identification of organisms 11/02/13

Task 4

How organelles work together to produce a product

Organelles usually work together to produce proteins to be exported out of the cell or to become part of it. The genes give instructions to the cell on how to make the proteins. First, the nucleus makes messenger RNA from the instructions by DNA. The messenger RNA then travels out of the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm and then it gets translated into amino acid sequences by ribosomes which are found on the rough ER. The rough ER has two functions which are to make membranes and to change proteins. Then the ribosomes’ synthesising starts with the code AUG and then continues with 3 other nucleotides until it reaches the codons UAA, UGA and UAG. The codons tell the ribosomes to stop producing proteins as the protein is completed.

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When the polypeptide is made, it is sent to the rough ER where it folds into and 3D from amino acids. When the molecule is ready to be exported, the rough ER packages the molecule into a vesicle. The vesicle then comes off from the rough ER and travels to the Golgi apparatus.

The Golgi apparatus stores molecules and finishes the molecules. It picks up vesicles from the rough ER and then sends the finished product to the cell membrane to be sent out of the cell or to become a part of the cell’s organelles. When the Golgi ...

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Lysosomes break down damaged or old parts of the cell and bacteria. They engulf food particles into food vacuoles before fusing with vacuoles to break down everything so that they can be turned into nutrients and reused. Each lysosome is surrounded by a membrane to keep in its acids. They have hydrolytic enzymes to break down substances. These enzymes are only activated in the membrane so if there was a leak; the enzymes will not destroy other organelles.

For cells to function and survive, their organelles work together to carry out specific tasks and do specific roles. Each of the organelles has its own roles that will help the cell to survive. This is called the division of labour.

B cells are produced in the bone marrow. These cells produce the antibodies. This is the process used:

B cells come from the stem cells in the bone marrow. As they develop and mature, they start to make a single type of antibody.
These antibodies are proteins which recognise antigens and that move to the cell surface and stick out.
Then the B cell floats in the blood so that when it comes near a specific antigen it is prepared for replication.
The B cell receives a signal from a helper T cell which is activated by a macrophage. This helps rapid cell division.
The B cells made, differentiates into effector and memory B cells.
These effector B cells then make a lot of antibodies. These antibodies will tag an antigen for destruction by phagocytes and complementary proteins.

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