Objective: To produce soap via the saponification reaction of fatty acids.

g .............. - The solution turns cloudy.trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4)DISCUSSION:The scum formation is exist which floats on the surface of the solution when CaCl2 solution, which contains the cation Ca2+, react with soap molecules and contribute to the water hardness.COO- + Ca2+ ........... [COO]2CaTrisodium phosphate (Na3PO4) solution is added to clean away the scum formation of the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions by capture and deactivate from the mineral from "hard" water. If not removed, these hard-water ions react with soap and form insoluble deposits. Trisodium phosphate binds to Ca2+ and Mg2+, forming soluble chemical species, called complexes or chelates. These complexes prevent the Ca2+ and Mg2+ from reacting with soap and forming deposits.QUESTIONS:1. How soap is able to remove dirt from your skin?Soap are designed to remove dirt, sweat, sebum, and oils from the skin through the action of surfactants. These substances consist of a hydrophobic tail portion, usually a long-chain hydrocarbon, and a hydrophilic polar head group, which is often ionic. A material possessing these characteristics is known as an amphiphile. It tends to dissolve in both aqueous and oil phase and to locate at the oil-water interface. Soap cleans by acting as an agent between water and dirt. Soap allows the water to wet the surface that is being cleaned better. Soapy water tends to soak into the surface being cleaned therefore allowing the water to wash away dirt. In addition, soap grabs dirt and connects it to the water. Soap basically grabs dirt or grease and allow water in to wash it away. This may be an over simplification of the process but it is accurate as water runs over the skin.2. Why salt are added in the process of making soap?To precipitate the soap formed3. What should the characteristics be a good of a good soap?Good soap is not foam easily when expose to the water or humidity conditions due to the high quality soaps are made of fine oils and easily build rich lather.CONCLUSION:-Soap formed foam when shaken in water.- Soaps are excellent cleansing agents and have good biodegradability.-The tendency for the carboxylate ion of soap to react with Ca+ and Mg+ ions in hard water reduces their general use. Soap does not work in hard water (solution that contains the cation Ca2+ , Mg2+ and Fe3+) and forms insoluble complexes called scum which floats on the surface of water.-Trisodium phosphate solution is function as water softner to prevent soap molecule from reacting with Ca2+ ion and so that cleaning process is not affected.