Investigation to determine the viscosity of glycerol.
2007 IMPACT OF TEMPERATURE ON VISCOSITY "Viscosity is the virtue by which a fluid offers resistance to the motion of a solid through it." This document reports on an experiment that examined the relationship between temperature and viscosity. The terminal velocity and up-thrust experienced by a sphere of fixed weight and radius was calculated by dropping it into a measuring cylinder filled with glycerol heated to different temperatures. Using Stokes Law viscosity corresponding to each temperature level was worked out. This generated a range of data points with viscosity corresponding to each temperature level. These data points were statistically analysed. The results corresponded to those indicated by theory i.e. temperature and viscosity are inversely related; as temperature increased viscosity decreased. This report is in five sections. The first details the plan and the science on which the experiment is based. The second describes implementation while the third analyses the results. The fourth section evaluates the both the experiment and its results. The fifth concludes. Plan .1 The Question Is viscosity affected by temperature? When temperature increases does viscosity decrease or increase and if it does are the changes systematic or random? These are the questions I investigate in this experiment. .2 Key Concepts Archimedes' principle "A body immersed in a
Investigating the forces acting on a trolley on a ramp
Physics coursework Investigating the forces acting on a trolley on a ramp Contents Page 3 -> Method Page 4 -> Theory Page 7 -> Results Page 9 -> Error Page 18 -> Appendixes Method The aim of the investigation was to investigate the forces acting on a trolley as it rolled down a ramp, and also to investigate the factors which may contribute to the results. To do this, a trolley and a ramp set at a variety of angles of incline were used, and then, using a light gate, the speed at which the trolley was moving when it passed through the light gate was calculated. The variables were the starting distance of the trolley in relation to the light gate and the angle of the ramp. Firstly, the equipment was set up as in fig. 1. The trolley was then run down the ramp with a piece of card attached to the side. This card was of a known length and could hence be used to calculate the velocity at which the trolley was moving. While the light gate did actually calculate the velocity, it only gave the answer to 2 decimal places, whereas it gave the time to 2 decimal places. Furthermore, the light gate calculated the velocity with the assumption that the card was exactly 100mm, whereas when the card was actually measured, this was a value closer to 102mm (±0.5mm). Next, after the trolley had passed through the light gate, the information from that 'run' appeared
Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging In 1944, Isidor Isaac Rabi was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei. This method was based on measuring the spin of the protons in the atom's core, a phenomenon known as nuclear magnetic moments. From Rabi's work, Paul C. Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield were able to research into magnetic resonance imaging (also known as nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR) and were awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2003. Lauterbur, a professor and director of the Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Laboratory at the University of Illinois, realised that it was to possible to create an 'internal picture' of an object by NMR and had his ideas witnessed by a colleague. These ideas were based on the use of a magnetic field gradient - a magnetic field that varies through space. Mansfield, a professor of physics at the University of Nottingham had no knowledge of Lauterbur's work and had an idea of how he might get an NMR picture of a crystal, similar to an X-ray signal crystal structure. With continual pioneering work with his colleagues, he was able to produce the first picture from a live human subject in 1976 with true anatomical detail. He continued to be a pioneer in the field, developing better imaging methods for larger body parts and also for imaging well past the sub-cellular level, all
Aurora- Light of Mystery.
Aurora - Light of Mystery What is aurora? Auroras, or polar lights, are the luminous phenomenon of the upper atmosphere occurs in high latitudes of both hemispheres. Auroras in the northern hemisphere are called aurora borealis and those in the south hemisphere are called aurora australis. Aurora (Latin for 'dawn') is beautiful and amazing lights which are visible in the dark sky in the poles. It can appear as many different forms, but usually it is a greenish quivering glow near the horizon. In 1621 the term 'aurora' was coined by the French astronomer. More and more observations were done and a concrete description was archived soon afterwards. Many theories were developed this phenomenon. Some suggested that it was the reflection of sunlight of artic light and some believed it was the firelight at the edge of the world; however both hypotheses are rejected because it was found that aurora was found 100-400km above the earth surface which is well beyond the atmosphere. Around the 17th century it has been discovered that it is caused by the interaction between energetic plasma particles from outside atmosphere with atoms of higher atmosphere. Till now, not all the questions about aurora have been answered, but with the escalating astronautic technology, we have a much better understanding on this puzzling phenomenon. How does aurora form? At every moment the sun is
Maglev Trains And The Technology Behind Them (magnetism)
Maglev Trains And The Technology Behind Them Introduction Magnets Magnetism is a phenomenon that occurs when a moving charge exerts a force on other moving charges. The magnetic force caused by these moving charges sets up a field which in turn exerts a force on other moving charges. This magnetic field is found to be perpendicular to the velocity of the current. The force of the field decays with distance from the charge. Most magnets we come across are weak permanent magnets, such as fridge magnets and door catches. A permanent magnet is a material that is naturally magnetic, they set up magnetic fields by electrons circling an atom setting up magnetic fields. They are based on oxides of barium and iron. They have low field strength and would not be strong enough for use in Maglev trains. Lately, developments in magnet research have found rare earth-permanent magnets that have a much stronger magnetic field. These new magnets have become an important part of our everyday life being used in many everyday applications such as computers, CD players and mobile phones. It is these high performance magnets that are used in Maglev trains. The rare earth elements are scandium 21, yttrium 39 and lanthanide's 57-71. The principle of a Maglev (Magnetic Levitation) train is that it floats on a magnetic field and is propelled by a linear induction motor. They follow guidance tracks
What Affects the Strength of Magnetism Exerted By an Electromagnet?
What Affects the Strength of Magnetism Exerted By an Electromagnet? Aim I am going to investigate what factors affect the strength of magnetic field exerted by an electromagnet. I will use a number of theories to plan my investigation. Iron, Cobalt or Nickel become magnetic when their domains point in the same direction. This is because all the N-poles add up at one end and the S-poles add up at the other end. These N-poles and S-poles then form concentrated magnetic areas relative to their direction. The will point towards 'Magnetic North'. This is the similar to what happens with lines of force. When any of the three magnetic metals become magnetic, they exert magnetic lines of force. These lines of force are called 'Magnetic Fields'. These lines of force exeunt from the 'North Pole' and are attracted to the 'South Pole', or any other metal with magnetic capabilities. We can demonstrate the 'lines of flux' (lines of force) by using a compass. A compass will follow the lines of flux from the North Pole. This is possible because the compass needle is magnetic with a North Pole and a South Pole. The North Pole of the needle is attracted along these lines of flux to the South Pole. This also demonstrates that 'Unlike Poles Attract'. Like Poles (e.g. North and North) repel each other. This can be established by bringing two North Poles together. This can be
Investigating a factor affecting the voltage output of a transformer.
GCSE Physics Coursework Plan Introduction I shall be investigating a factor affecting the voltage output of a transformer. In order to do this I shall be measuring the range of voltages that are induced across the secondary coil of the transformer when one factor is varied. To do this as accurately as possible and to obtain a fair test I shall ensure that every other variable factor in the practical remains constant. Background Theory Transformers are used industrially to increase the low voltages produced in electricity generation (25 kV) to higher voltages to be transported in the grid electricity supply's cables (250 kV), and then to decrease these voltages for use in domestic appliances (230 V). A transformer is a device for changing the voltage of alternating current (a.c.) signals and power supplies. Two coils are wound around an iron core, which is preferably laminated so as to reduce energy loss via eddy currents. Iron is a magnetically soft metal, which thus allows it to easily be magnetised and demagnetised (i.e. it doesn't retain a permanent magnetic field). Transformers utilise the effect of Electromagnetic Induction. The alternating voltage in the primary coil creates an alternating current, leading to an alternating magnetic field in the primary coil. The magnetic field lines move back and forth and are cut by the secondary coils, inducing a voltage in
Investigating Electromagnets
Physics coursework Investigating electromagnets Aim: To investigate a variable that affects the strength and effectiveness of an electromagnet. Introduction: In my following coursework, I will carry out an investigation on a variable, which affects the strength of an electromagnet. I tend to also create an accurate enough analysis, which will help me determine why the variable investigated, affected the strength of the electromagnet. Background research: An electromagnet is also known as a solenoid. An electromagnet usually consists of coils of wire wrapped around a magnetic core. The core could be Iron, nickel or cobalt, which are good electromagnets. Usually an electromagnet would consist of an iron core as this is the best at magnetising and proves readily available, because of these reasons I think the core, which I will use for the investigation would have to be an iron based core. Other cores that could be used prove ineffective as they become permanently magnetised so therefore are unuseful as they can only be used once. Above we can see the magnetic field generated by a round wire carrying electricity (picture taken from encarta). This shows the way in which an electromagnet works. If a solenoid is wound in the form of a helix, there will be a magnetic field. However, with the introduction of an iron core to go within the helix the strength of the field will be
To see how the number of coils on an electromagnet affect its strength.
Title: Electromagnet Investigation Aim: To see how the number of coils on an electromagnet affect its strength. Scientific Knowledge: An electromagnet is a temporary magnet, meaning that it only goes and is in use, when you feel like it. Magnets have interesting properties. They can pull pieces of iron, cobalt or nickel towards them but not affect any other materials, even other metals such as copper or aluminium. When a magnet is freely suspended, it always comes to rest with the same pole facing north. This term is referred to as the 'north pole'; the other is the 'south pole'. If the north pole of a magnet is brought near to a south pole of a magnet, it will attract. However, if two poles are the same, they will repel meaning they will push away one another. This is where the saying is used, "Opposites attract." All of these things happen because they have magnetic fields around them. This 'field' can be easily seen if iron filings are shaken around a magnet. If you place a bar magnet with iron filings surrounding them, you can observe that the filings will be going around towards their respective poles on the other side. When you place iron fillings round a coil or solenoid, you will notice that the magnetic field round the solenoid has the same shape as the field round the bar magnet. You will also notice that the field inside the solenoid will be very strong and
Modeling a basketball shoot in the lab
Modelling and investigating the farthest range from which a basketball can be shot into a ring By Janice Lau (U6th) Content Page Aim Background Information Calculations and Diagram- prove that it's a parabola Theory- PROJECTILE MOTION AT AN ANGLE How to model a basketball shot? Apparatus Force vs. Compression - Spring Loaded Plunger Prediction/Safety Experiment 1 - Preliminary investigation Experiment 2 Research about Basketball Experiment 3 Experiment 4 Experiment 5 Conclusion Evaluation Source 3 3 4 5 6 6 6-10 0 1-12 3-14 5 5-17 7-18 9-20 20-21 21 21 The AIM of my investigation is to find the optimum angle for the maximum range for a basketball shot by modeling it in the lab. Background- PROJECTILE MOTION Definition: "An object launched into space without motive power of its own is called a projectile. If we neglect air resistance, the only force acting on a projectile is its weight, which causes its path to deviate from a straight line."1 The projectile has a constant horizontal and vertical velocity that changes uniformly when it is influence by acceleration and gravity. Diagram: Fig 1 &2 shows that basketball shots are projectile motions, however, how can we show it mathematically? Calculations Consider the horizontal and vertical motion individually. Initially, Ux = u cos ? ----- (1) Uy = u sin ?----- (2) The horizontal