Centripetal motion. The objective of this experiment is to verify whether the tension in a centripetal force apparatus is equal to the weight of the mass.

Physics Laboratory Report Centripetal motion Aim of experiment: The objective of this experiment is to verify whether the tension in a centripetal force apparatus is equal to the weight of the mass. Theory: (Fig. 1) Fig. 2 shows an object of mass m moving with constant velocity v in a circular path of radius r. By keeping the angular speed of the rubber bung constant and considering the equilibrium of all the applied forces in the system, the theoretical value of the centripetal force F is calculated as follows: F = mv2/r or F = mr?2 where v and ? are the linear and angular speeds of the object respectively. Nevertheless, some correction should be made in this experiment. In this experiment, the following set-up is used. (Fig.2) As shown in Fig.3, in reality, the string is not horizontal and moves in a circle of radius r = l sin?. The weight of the hanger with slotted mass gives the tension (T) in the string. (Fig.3) The horizontal component of the tension provides the net centripetal force. Therefore, T sin? = mr?2 T sin? = m(l sin?)?2 T = ml?2 Apparatus: Rubber bung x 1 Glass tube (15cm long) x 1 Nylon thread (1.5m) x 1 Slotted mass (50g) x 4 Hanger (150g) x 1 Paper clip x 1 Meter rule x 1 Stop watch x 1 Adhesive tape x 1 Balance x 1 Procedures: . The mass of the rubber bung (m) was weighed and recorded. 2. The centripetal

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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Are mobile phones a health risk?

Abstract In this report I aim to determine whether or not mobile phones pose a risk to our health. I will explain how mobile phone electromagnetic radiation can be perceived as dangerous, with reference to the EM spectrum. I will cite scientific sources of evidence which support both sides of the dispute, and will come to a reasoned conclusion as to how likely it is that mobile phones are a health risk. I will also evaluate the credibility of the sources used to support my conclusions, and list all the sources used throughout in a detailed bibliography. Introduction Mobile phones are becoming increasingly popular in today's world; with around 80 million handsets in Britain, there are now more mobiles than people [1]. They've become an essential part of our existence, in business, in our daily lives and in keeping in touch with our loved ones - however, there is growing concern that this technology is causing serious health problems throughout the population, such as lasting brain damage and cancer. The Media consistently tends to portray mobile phones negatively, fuelling the public's fears and misgivings: this study aims to determine from the scientific evidence whether or not mobile phones present a risk to our health. Main Points How might Mobile Phones be Hazardous to our Health? After studying numerous publications, I have found that if there are concerns about how

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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Gravity is described from the point of view of a universal law.

Gravity is described from the point of view of a universal law. This implies that gravity is a force that should behave in similar ways regardless of where you are in the universe. It's a force of attraction that exists between any two objects that have mass. The more mass they have, the greater the force of attraction. The closer they are, the greater the force of attraction. For most objects you get near every day, the force of attraction is so incredibly small that you would never notice the force. Gravity is a very weak force, so between common objects like you and your pencil, the force of attraction is very small because your mass and the mass of your pencil are small. We only get noticeable amounts of gravity when at least one object is very massive. An example of this would be a planet. The force of attraction between you and the planet Earth is a noticeable force. We call the force of attraction between you and the Earth, your weight. Weight is another name for the force of gravity pulling down on you or anything else. G is the universal gravitational constant. It is basically a conversion factor to adjust the number and units so they come out to the correct value. This is a universal constant so it is true everywhere. m1 is the mass of one of the objects. m2 is the mass of the other object. r is the radius of separation between the center of masses of each

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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Charles's Law

Charles's Law The pressure that a gas exerts on the walls of its container is determined by the momentum of the atoms and the molecules of the gas, which in turn is determined by temperature. As the temperature increases the atoms and molecules move faster, and so exert a greater pressure on the walls. If the walls are rigid, such that the volume of the container is held constant, the relationship between pressure P and temperature T is given by P = constant x T. However, if the walls are flexible, as the temperature increases the volume increases to maintain even pressure. This is called Charles's Law. Charles law states that the volume of a given amount of dry ideal gas is directly propotional to the Kelvin Temperature, provided the amount of gas and the pressure remains fixed. i.e. V=constant ( t + 273.15) Where t is the gas temperature on Celsius scale. There are interesting points regarding the relationship between volume and temperature changes. -273ºCT (ºC) Since gases expand and contract at a constant rate, extrapolation of this behavior shows that the effective volume goes to zero around -273 ºC. One implication is that temperatures cannot be lower than -273 ºC. T (K) -If -272 ºC were used as absolute zero, T(K) = T(ºC) + 273.15 K Where K is degrees Kelvin, then volume expansion is directly proportional to temperature measured on the Kelvin,

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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In this experiment, I predict that as the force increases, as will the acceleration. Therefore, as the force decreases the acceleration decreases.

GCSE Science Coursework : Physics Prediction: In this experiment, I predict that as the force increases, as will the acceleration. Therefore, as the force decreases the acceleration decreases. I can also predict that the force and acceleration of an object are directly proportional, meaning that if the force was to be doubled, then the acceleration would also double. I can predict this using Newton's second law of motion. Newton's second Law of motion: Force = Mass x Acceleration (N) (kg) m/s (variable) (measurement) In simple terms, this means that if the force is to increase then the acceleration must also increase because the mass multiplied by the acceleration must equal the force. The equation, like many others can be re-arranged in order to show a possible prediction for the value in m/s that the acceleration will be the subject of the equation. Acceleration = Force (Mass / 0.400kg) Mass Weight is a force. Weight is quite oftenly confused with mass, however each one differs to the other. Mass is measured in kilograms (kg). The weight of an object only concerns the amount of matter an object is made up of. In contrast to the mass of an object, the weight of an object regards how much it is being pulled down to the centre of the earth through gravity. Weight is a force and is

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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Calculating the Young Modulus of Constanton

Calculating the Young's Modulus of Constanton By Hannah Godfrey Introduction Constanton is a copper-nickel alloy mainly used in the for its electrical resistance properties. It has a high resistance which is constant over a wide range of temperatures. I am going to find out the Young's modulus of this wire and observe its behaviour. Apparatus * Constanton Wire * G-Clamp x2 * Pulley * Hanging weights * Ruler * Micrometer * Small marker flag * Wooden end blocks * Sponge Blocks Underlying Theory When a sample is deformed by a force, the deformation is proportional to the magnitude of the force. This is shown by Hooke's Law where: Force is equal to a stiffness constant (k) times the extension (e).The force is proportional to the extension. For a sample we can also calculate stress and strain: Where stress is equal to force (F) divided by area (A) and strain is equal to extension (e) divided by original length (l). When you plot these on a Stress-strain graph it proves Hooke's law when it is straight line but as soon as the graph curves, the sample is showing plastic deformation as it is past the elastic limit. Using this graph we can work out the Young's Modulus of a sample which is: This is also measured in Nm-2 or Pascal's (Pa). It can also be calculated by working out the gradient on the stress-strain graph. When a wire obeys Hooke's Law it deforms

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  • Subject: Science
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Work based on the experimental cycle testing Newton's law of impact

Work based on the experimental cycle testing Newton's law of impact Introduction: For this piece of coursework I have chosen to look at the laws of impact on a pool table. This will involve making initial assumption that will be made from inspection of the model and experience in playing the game. With these assumptions in mind I will carry out an experiment on the table to justify or correct my assumptions. After a clear understanding of the reality of the model I will attempt to compile a few practical points that will improve the performance of the player when they are playing in the specific environment that is being modelled. The model's environment: There are many shots that can be played on the pool table that require different aspects of skill. The specific environment that I will be testing is the snookered shot. This means there is a ball between the cue ball and my colour (red). One of the options I have is to rebound the shot off the cushion and hit the ball. This would normally require experience in order to be accurate enough to hit the cushion in the right place. The model I will be testing will help the play know where to hit the cushion in order to hit the red ball. The elasticity of the cushion and the velocity of the ball are variables when determining the impulse from the cushion on the ball, this will affect the angle on the cushion. Assumptions:

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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The Pulley System Investigation

The Pulley System Investigation Aim My aim is to create a pulley system which must consist of one, two or three pulley systems so that the results are recorded. I will also investigate and find the difference in the value of the force obtained for the three different pulley systems. Hypothesis I should be able to pick up 500g with one pulley but to make this easier I will use a pulley system, if I use one pulley that the force needed to lift this amount of weight should decrease by 25%. Off course this is my hypothesis Apparatus * Nylon Rope (3 Metres long Rope) * Three pulley systems. * 500g mass load force meter. (Newton Meter) * Clamp, Boss, Retort Stand. * Loop and Weights. Safety Points The first thing that you must always be concerned about should be the safety of yourself and people around you. Safety should always be looked at seriously as this could alter the results and the test could turn unequal and unfair. You must always be concerned about Safety as this could always make the test more equal and Fair. Make sure that you put a bad underneath the pulleys in case they drop. A tension should always be readily available on the strings so that the whole pulley system does not collapse. Counter Balancing Masses could be an affective way to improve rather than a Newton Meter (optional). Method ) The pulley must be firstly fixed together with a

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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Littlebrook Power Station - short report

Littlebrook is an oil-fired power station, which uses oil to produce electricity. The oil is transported by the sea. It is powered by heavy fuel oil this means it has to bring tonnes of oil from other countries. Littlebrook is located on the banks of the river Thames in Dartford. In the 1990s the CEGB was privatised from that came out npower RWE Innogy from that two companies came out international power. RWE then took over which made RWE npower. There has to be lots of work done in the power station like: Finance - the finance department is probably the most important in the power station. Marketing Team - this would include a team which goes to the market to buy and sell the electricity on the market. The company has to also buy electricity from other companies at a cheaper rate so they don't lose profit. The marketing team also have to buy supplies from other countries i.e. at the moment most of the oil in the world is in the Middle East and in Latin America. The company don't have to pay that much for transportation because there are next to the River Thames. In the power station there are about 120 people working this includes the workers the receptionists, catering, security and also the actual worker who are in the power station. In a power station all kinds of people work there. One of the main ones is people like: Security - are there to protect the worker and

  • Word count: 1000
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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An investigation of a cantilever

An investigation of a cantilever This investigation is into the deflection of a cantilever when weights are placed on it. Input variables of this investigation I could study The input variables are: - * Mass On the ruler * Length of ruler(overhang) * Thickness of ruler * Material of ruler * Position of weights on ruler The input variable I am going to choose is the mass on the ruler. Therefore the input variables I must keep the same are as follows: - * Position of weights on ruler * Length of ruler(overhang) * Width of ruler * Material of ruler The outcome variables I am going to measure is the effect of masses on the ruler from this I am going to measure the deflection of the ruler in cm. I learnt from my preliminary experiment what my ranges should be and how many results I would need to prove my prediction. Also I learned how to set up my apparatus and how big or small my overhang should be. My prediction of this experiment My predictions for the outcome of this experiment are as follows, that the amount of deflection will be directly proportionate to the amount of masses applied. Also if you double the weight you double the deflection. My reasons for this are that the amount of pressure applied will push the ruler down this is due to the gravitational force, which is being applied. This will cause the ruler to bend and stretch due to its elasticity.

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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