Modern Physics - AQA GCE Physics B - Revision Notes
Music and sound * All sounds are formed by a vibration and require a medium to travel through. Sound travel as a longitudinal wave (compression waves) where it forms a series of compression (region of higher pressure than surrounding) and rarefaction (region of lower pressure than surrounding) * Distance between 2 compressions is one wavelength and the frequency is number of waves / compression passing a certain point per second - measured in Hertz (Hz). Wave speed (c) = frequency (f) x wavelength (λ) * Typical human ear can detect frequency ranging from 15 – 20000 Hearts. The frequency below this range is called infrasound and those above are ultrasound. * When sound is turned into electrical signal (i.e. recorded by a microphone) the frequency can be measured with an oscilloscope, here: Frequency = and vice versa, Time period = * The pitch of a sound is produced form the fundamental frequency (lowest frequency when it’s vibrating freely) plus harmonics (multiples of the fundamental frequency). * When hearing sound waves of certain pitches together it produces consonants or harmonics. These sound waves form the basis of a musical interval. I.e. any 2 musical not of frequency ratio of 2:1 are separated by an octave. Whereas 2 notes with frequency ratio of 5:4 are separated by an interval of a third. * Quality can be called timbre. The same frequency note
The Colliding of Black Holes
Lumbini Neha Parnas Colliding of Black Holes Physics is just a world of simplicity explained with logic and math. The fact that we are brave enough to be examining the vast universe with its components nowhere close to the size of humans; fills the streak of intimidation. The universe acts as a system of equilibrium; just like the law of conservation of energy it also follows the law of conservation of mass/matter. The biggest contributors, still veiled with mysteries are Dark Matter, Black Holes, WIMPs, and Higgs Bosons etc. Black holes are widely studied and its powers are simulated over hundreds of labs around the world. However, the one that caught my attention was related to “Colliding of Black Holes”. On a fundamental level, it is a well-known fact in the world of astrophysics that black holes are bodies with immense energy with the ability to destruct anything in its way, some scientists even refer to it as the, ‘Ultimate garbage disposal of the universe’. Jumping up to the next few levels where two of such black holes come in contact. According to studies, the surrounding space-time surge and undulate causing a severe distortion in the space-time fabric. This warp is so complicated that even the incredibly high levels of calculations in Math fail to clearly explain the phenomenon. Even though physicists have simulated many different probabilities; nailing
Mathematically Analysing Mobile Phone Tariffs.
Mathematically Analysing Mobile Phone Tariffs. Mobile Phones I am investigating 3 rates of charges for people using mobile phones. Scheme 1: A payment of £15 per month for the line rental, plus 50p per minute for each call made Scheme 2: A payment of £24 per month for the line rental, plus 20p per minute for each call made Scheme 3: A payment of £31 per month for the line rental, plus 10p per minute for each call made. I am going to investigate which scheme is best for people using mobile phones. I will also vary the line rental, vary the cost of each call, make comparisons, and make generalisations. I will show graphs, tables and a conclusion to my investigation. Scheme 1: A payment of £15 per month for the line rental, plus 50p per minute for each call made. X Minutes Cost (£) 5 £17.50 0 £20 5 £22.50 20 £25 30 £30 40 £35 50 £40 60 £45 70 £50 80 £55 Scheme 2: A payment of £24 per month for the line rental, plus 20p per minute for each call made X Minutes Cost (£) 5 £25 0 £26 5 £27 20 £28 30 £30 40 £32 50 £34 60 £36 70 £38 80 £40 Scheme 3: A payment of £31 per month for the line rental, plus 10p per minute for each call made. X Minutes Cost (£) 5 £31.50 0 £32 5 £32.50 20 £33 30 £34 40 £35 50 £36 60 £37 70 £38 80 £39 Scheme 1: 20 minutes = (50p x 20minutes) +
Physics-energy production in Hong Kong and potential new ways of generating power.
Major sources of energy in Hong Kong In Hong Kong, electricity supplied to the household and the industry comes from six production plants. The Castle Peak Power Station, located in Tap Shek Kok in Tuen Mun, has the greatest generating capacity in Hong Kong, up to 4110 MW. The Lamma Power Station is in Lamma, as its name suggests, comes second, having a generating capacity of 3305 MW. The Black Point Power Station in Northeast New Territories is in the third place, giving out 2500 MW of power. The Penny Bay's Power Station in Sham Shui Kok on Lantau Island produces the least generating capacity, at 300 MW only. The remaining two plants are not located in Hong Kong, but in mainland China. As the four plants aforementioned are not enough to satisfy the ever-increasing energy demand of Hong Kong, one of the two companies which provide us with electricity, the CLP Holdings (the other being Hong Kong Electric Co. Ltd), obtains energy from those two external power plants in China, the first being the Guangzhou Pumped Storage Power Station in Conghua, accounting for 1200 MW of our power, while the last one, the famous Guangdong Nuclear Power Station located in Daya Bay in Shenzhen, produces a mere 984 MW. All the four power stations in Hong Kong produce energy through fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and diesel gas. The Guangdong Nuclear Station produces energy by means
Am going to test the following insulators:- No Insulation Felt Cotton Bubble Wrap Cardboard
Testing insulators Aim: My aim is to investigate and record the change in temperature when I change the insulator on a copper can for the duration of 10 minutes at one minute intervals. I will be investigating which insulator is best this will be decided by which insulator has the highest temperature at the end of the experiment. Conduction Heat energy can be transferred from one substance to another when they are in direct contact. The moving molecules of one material can increase the energy of the molecules of the other. The heat can also travel through a material as one molecule transfers energy to another one. This type of heat transfer is called conduction. Conduction is mainly seen with solid objects, but it can happen when any materials come into contact, like when warm air is in contact with your skin. Some materials are better conductors of heat than others. For example, metals are good conductors of heat, while a material like wood isn't. Metal heated on one end will soon be hot on the other end too, while that is not true with a piece of wood. Good conductors of electricity are often good conductors of heat. Since the atoms are closer together, solids conduct heat better than liquids or gasses. This means that two solid materials in contact would transfer heat from one to the other better than a solid in contact with a gas or a gas with a liquid.
Physics Rubber Essay
Physics Rubber Essay Rubber is an elastic material, so when the force is removed; it returns to its original size and shape. Its structure is that, it's a polymer as it has many long chains of this molecule (hydrocarbons). Rubber is used for many purposes including making tires, belts, hoses, furniture, rubbers and many more. The force-extension graph for rubber: The force extension graph shows us that, the more force you apply to the material, the bigger the stretch/extension there will be. The blue line is indicating the stretch, and how we're applying force to the material - it's increasing. Whereas, the grey line is showing us the unstretch, so when we are removing the force individually. Notice, how this time, the line doesn't match the blue line; this is because energy is lost through heat and sound when stretching, so the extension will be a bit more. This means that the graph did not obey Hooke's law. As you can see on the graph, the area between the 2 lines represents lost energy. This type of graph is called the elastic hysteresis loop. This shows that the rubber was harder to stretch when loading rather than unloading, because more energy was required when loading, because the energy was lost as heat and sound. The social benefits are that, more and more people are taking advantage of what rubber can do. For example, nowadays, contraception is a very big
Bungee Jumping
Bungee Jumping Bungee jumping originated hundreds of years ago in New Guinea. Men leaped from very tall wooden towers attached to the tower by vines tied to their ankles, it was originally used as a test of courage but has since been converted into a recreational activity and is seen to be a once in a lifetime thrilling experience. The sport is simple yet exciting; jumping from a tall platform i.e. a bridge or a crane whilst attached to a length of elastic chord. A lot of calculations must be done before a bungee jump to ensure the safety of the jumper. The chord must be exactly the right length to give the best (yet safest) possible experience. If the chord is too short the jumper may not feel the optimum thrill however if the chord is too long it would probably result in the jumper being killed as they would hit the floor (go splat). I am going to do an experiment in order to find the exact height a fixed weight figure would need to jump from - with a certain length chord - in order to stop them just before they hit the ground. One way to try to work out the correct launch height would be to use the laws of motion; The rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the resultant force acting on the body and is in the same direction, this would be difficult however as the force on the jumper is not the same throughout
The Hunt for the Higgs Boson
The Hunt For Higgs A2 Physics Coursework Hamed Darvishian [2010] Table of Contents The Standard Model of Elementary Particles 3 The Higgs Theory (Boson, Mechanism and Field) 3/4 Discovery of the Higgs 4 Possibilities of Decay 5 Large Hadron Collider 5 The ATLAS detector 6 The G.R.I.D 7 The Aim and Benefits of the LHC 7 THE STANDARD MODEL OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES The 'Standard Model of Particle Physics' describes the interactions between particles, where the fundamental force carriers are treated as mass-less particles. It is the theoretical framework that is used to explain the relations between complex particles and forces. The theory was first introduced by Sheldon Glashow through the electromagnetic and weak interactions, but was then developed on Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam. Although the Standard Model is able to explain the interactions between quarks, leptons and bosons, it does not include an integral property of particles, mass. In 1964, Peter Higgs showed how to give mass to fundamental particles through the Higgs mechanism. The Higgs mechanism is where the symmetry of mass-less particles is broken and non-zero masses become possible. This is just a hypothetical theory but if true, an extra particle called the Higgs boson should exist. A disturbance in the Higgs field is in actual fact a Higgs boson. When particles interact with the Higgs field
Physics Principles- Applications
Physics Principles that can be observed in a Theme Park Introduction Physics is a large subject that can be observed almost everywhere, even in a theme park, in a theme park physics principles such as weightlessness and acceleration/deceleration play a large part in ensuring that the rides are as thrilling as they are safe. In this essay I am going to show how two certain physics principles are being used in a ride to ensure that the ride is safe but at the same time delivers a lot of thrill to the rider. I am going to explore the sense of weightlessness during freefall, and how forces are used to ensure that the ride is not dangerous, I will also mention how gravitational potential energy converts to kinetic energy as the ride drops. Physics principles Weightlessness Freefall is a term used to describe how an object is moving through the air when there are practically no forces other than gravity acting on them. During freefall, object experience a sense of weightlessness but weightlessness does not mean that an object loses all its weight. Since in Physics weight does not mean how heavy an object is, (that is known as the mass) weight is a term used to describe how much force and object is exerting due to gravity, weight can only be felt if there is another force opposing the direction of the weight, as stated by Newton's laws of
metals and polymers
Properties of materials: Metals and Polymers. When a metal is in its purest form it is made of ions that are held in place by metallic bonds. Covalent and ionic bonding is different to metallic as the outer shells of adjacent atoms overlap. This then lets the outer shell electrons to move about freely through the lattice in the electron cloud. diagram of an electon cloud Metals atoms have to have a positive charged nucleus and also have negative charged electrons outside. The atom will lose its outer electrons when it is in its solid state. The bonding electrons spread thought the lattice and become delocalised this is because the bonding electrons no longer belong to any particular metal atom. Delocalised means that it is not restricted to one part of the lattice. Metallic bonds are formed when positive metal ions are attracted to the negative charged electrons which lies in the electron cloud. The strength of these metaillic bonds is determined by two main factors these are: * The radius of the individual metal atoms the smaller the radius the stronger it is. * Also, the number of electrons that each of the atom donates. The more electrons donated then the stronger the bond. Metallic Bonding http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/dawsonrj/11%20Chem/Chapter%20notes/Chapter%208%20notes_files/image001.jpg Metals that consist of metal cations and they have a balancing number of