Is it worth creating antimatter?
Is it Worthwhile creating antimatter? ANTIMATTER 3 WHAT IS ANTIMATTER? 3 SPECIFIC TYPES OF ANTIPARTICLES 3 POSITRON 4 ANTINUCLEONS 4 CREATIONS AND DESTRUCTIONS 5 BETA RADIATION 5 NEGATIVE BETA RADIATION 5 POSITIVE BETA RADIATION 6 POSITRON-ELECTRON ANNIHILATION 7 HOW DO WE STORE AND CREATE ANTIMATTER? 9 CURRENT ANTIMATTER PRODUCTION 9 PRODUCTION OF ANTIPROTONS 9 ANTIMATTER ATOMS 10 PENNING TRAP 10 USES OF ANTIMATTER? 13 ENERGY PRODUCTION 13 MILITARY WEAPONRY 15 MEDICAL IMAGING 16 PRODUCTION OF POSITRONS 16 IMAGING 16 IS IT WORTHWHILE CREATING ANTIMATTER? 17 CONCLUSION 17 IS IT WORTH CREATING ANTIMATTER NOW? 17 IS IT WORTH FUNDING RESEARCH INTO ANTIMATTER? 17 APPENDICES 18 APPENDIX A: TABLE OF FIGURES 18 APPENDIX B: BIBLIOGRAPHY 19 APPENDIX C: SYNOPTIC LINKS 20 Antimatter What is antimatter? For each of the fermions (leptons and quarks) detailed above, they have a corresponding anti-particle. These particles are in no way different to ours, except for the opposition of charge. In essence, there is no reason why our universe couldn't have been made from antimatter, and if it were, then we would classify our normal matter as antimatter. What this means is that antimatter merely has the anti prefix because it is not what we are used to. There is no deep meaning to it. For each elementary fermion, therefore, there is a corresponding antifermion.
Quantum Phenomena Observed During Near Absolute Zero Conditions
Quantum Phenomena Observed During Near Absolute Zero Conditions Quantum theory (including subfields such as quantum mechanics and quantum electro and thermo dynamics) is at least to say, is a relatively new field of physics, having been born just over a century ago. It can be described as one of the most powerful theory ever to be proposed in the history of physics, even today our knowledge on this subject is regularly updated with new ideas and as we progress further into this subject we begin to discover basically, the many secrets of our universe. In the early 1900s, mankind had basically been able to answer nearly all of the questions concerning physics with the knowledge gained from giants such as Newton. However 10% were unanswerable, they simply could not figure out what was going on and why certain things did not obey rules set down by classical physics. In order to overcome this problem, scientists had to propose some new radical ideas regarding the relationship between matter and energy. Surprisingly a selection of these many dreamt up ideas worked and so quantum theory was born. As said by one of the forefathers of this theory, Erwin Schrödinger (famous for his thought experiment), "I do not like it, and I am sorry I ever had anything to do with it." One from the "Great Dane", Niels Bohr, "Anyone who is not shocked by quantum theory has not understood it."
What are Quantum Computers?
Introduction What are Quantum Computers? Quantum computers have the potential to perform certain calculations billions of times faster than any silicon-based computer. Scientists have already built basic quantum computers that can perform certain calculations; but a practical quantum computer is still years away. Computers have become more compact and considerably faster in performing their task, the task remains the same: to manipulate and interpret an encoding of binary bits into a useful computational result. A bit is a fundamental unit of information, classically represented as a 0 or 1 in your digital computer. Each classical bit is physically realized through a macroscopic physical system, such as the magnetization on a hard disk or the charge on a capacitor. A document, for example, comprised of n-characters stored on the hard drive of a typical computer is accordingly described by a string of 8n zeros and ones. Herein lies a key difference between your classical computer and a quantum computer. Where a classical computer obeys the well understood laws of classical physics, a quantum computer is a device that harnesses physical phenomenon unique to quantum mechanics to realize a fundamentally new mode of information processing. In a quantum computer, the fundamental unit of information (called a quantum bit or qubit), is not binary but rather more quaternary
Albert Einstein - The father of modern physics
The Father of modern physics I think it has to be said that Einstein is arguably the most influential scientist of all time, without his work the world of quantum physics, and physics in general, would be a much darker and less understood place. His work has provoked much of the scientific knowledge we have today and has made physics as a whole a more accessible subject for everyone. His wide influence has made him a household name among many families. Einstein is most in famous for the works he produced in the Annus Mirabili – extraordinary year – in this year he produced four papers, these papers were substantial foundations to modern physics. All of these papers were written in German, their translated titles are as follows: “On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light”, this paper proposed the idea of energy quanta, and put forward an explanation to the Photoelectric Effect. Einstein states that “the energy of a light ray spreading out from a point source is not continuously distributed over an increasing space but consists of a finite number of energy quanta” (Einstein 1905) [1]) this went against the accepted Maxwellian theories of light and radiation, due to this many scientists did not accept this theory, one of these scientists included Niels Bohr, who stated in his Nobel address in 1922 (17 years after Einstein first
Trigonometry questions and answers.
Project 3 Trigonometry By David Timan For Mr. Orr's grade 11 U Math Class January 6, 2003 . Find the length of the missing side in (WXY to one decimal place. Cosine law: c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C c = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C c = 212 + 242 - 2(21)24 cos 40° c = 441 + 576 - 1008 (0.766044) c = 441 + 576 - 772.173 c = 244.827 c = 15.647 ( The missing side is 15.6 cm long. 2. Find (F to one decimal place. Cosine law: c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C 282 = 322 + 302 - 2(32)30 cos C 784 = 1024 + 900 - 1920 cos C 920 cos C = 1024 + 900 - 784 920 cos C = 1140 cos C = 1140 / 1920 C = cos-1 .593750 C = 53.6° ( (F is 53.6°. 3. In (ABC, a = 63cm, c = 47cm, and (C = 38.4°. Find (A given that (ABC is acute. Sine law: (sin A) / a = (sin C) / c (sin A) / 63 = (sin 38.4) / 47 (sin A) / 63 = (.621148 / 47) sin A= (.621148 / 47) * 63 sin A= .832603 A = sin-1 .832603 A = 56.4° ( (A is 56.4°. 4. A bridge DF is built N4°W across a river. Point E is located 75 m [west of]1 F and (DEF = 46°. What is the length of the bridge? DF is divergent of North by 4°, hence it is also divergent of West 86°. The interior angle of a triangle add up to 180° therefore 180 - 86 - 46 = 48, so (D is 48°. Sine Law: (sin A) / a = (sin C) / c (sin 48) / 75 = (sin 46) / c .743144 / 75 = .719339 / c c * .743144 / 75 = .719339 c = .719339 * 75 / .743144 c
case study on toilet seat
Case Study one The most suitable material to use when in production of a toilet seat. Wood Toilet seat. Probably one of the most common materials used in making a toilet seat is wood, pine wood in particular. Wood is extremely popular as most people like the look of a wooden seat. Whether its because it looks more natural or if they are following a theme throughout the room that any other material would not look as appealing. Another reason for this to be a popular choice is that out of all the other materials wood is the worst conductor. This is useful as it means it doesn't loose heat and become cold. This is highly regarded in situations when needing to use the toilet it makes it more pleasant to use. Mass production is able to be carried out when pine is used to make toilet seats this is because the material is cheap and easily obtained. However pine is a very soft wood and is not very durable therefore wooden toilet seats have been known to dent and scratch. Common Name Pinus strobus Botanical Name: Quercus Robur Wood Characteristics Straight grain, soft surface which is prone to scratches and denting. Colour: Light yellow to a reddish brown (in heartwood). Workability: good Durability White pine tends to be very soft. This may make it unsuitable for some furniture applications. Uses Furniture, moldings, plywood, boat building, carpentry, veneer.
Electromagnetic Waves
Physics Project Wavelength (m) Frequency (Hz) Energy (J) Radio >1 x 10-1 <3 x 109 <2 x 10-24 Microwave x 10-3 - 1 x 10-1 3 x 109 - 3 x 1011 2 x 10-24- 2 x 10-22 Infrared 7 x 10-7 - 1 x 10-3 3 x 1011 - 4 x 1014 2 x 10-22 - 3 x 10-19 Optical 4 x 10-7 - 7 x 10-7 4 x 1014 - 7.5 x 1014 3 x 10-19 - 5 x 10-19 UV x 10-8 - 4 x 10-7 7.5 x 1014 - 3 x 1016 5 x 10-19 - 2 x 10-17 X-ray x 10-11 - 1 x 10-8 3 x 1016 - 3 x 1019 2 x 10-17 - 2 x 10-14 Gamma-ray <1 x 10-11 >3 x 1019 >2 x 10-14 Concerns of Society The main concerns of the electromagnetic spectrum that are common knowledge are concerning microwaves from mobile phone masts. Many people claim that they do damage to people near the masts, however the modern world may not be able to function without the communication link provided by mobile phones. Radio Waves Properties: - Highest wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum, generated by all electrical goods, generated when an electron changes its spin on a molecule. Uses: - Transferring information without wires, radar, navigation, interstellar probes (radio waves that exert small magnetic forces like a 'tractor beam' have been proposed as a form of propulsion.) Dangers: - There are no direct dangers involved with radio waves but information can be intercepted. Protection: - None needed Microwaves Properties: - Can pass through solid objects,
To investigate the rate of cooling in three different types of cups
Problem The problem for this experiment is to investigate the rate of cooling in three different types of cups. They will be used as typical coffee cups for commercial purposes. The cups a polystyrene cup, a paper cup and a plastic cup. Water has a high specific heat capacity. This makes it a very useful material for storing and carrying heat energy. Its heat capacity is 4200 joules per kilogram per °C (4200J/kg °C). This is how water compares with other material: [image002.gif] Calculating heat energy: For water: 4200 J heats 1 kg through 1 °C 8400 J heats 2 kg through 1 °C 84 000 J heats 2 kg through 10 °C You could also calculate the result using an equation heat energy = mass * specific heat * temperature gained capacity rise (J) (kg) (J/kg °C) (°C) Heat tends to flow away from a hotter object to a cooler surroundings. Heat is mainly lost I conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation. For this experiment I will be only using convection, radiation, evaporation because conduction is mainly in solids. Convection Convection mainly occurs in gasses and liquids gases and liquids are very poor conductors so convection is usually dominant process. When convection can't occur, the heat transfer by conduction is very slow. Convection only occurs when the more energetic particles move from
The History of Atomic Theory. Due to the constantly developing scientific theories, the model of the atom has changed significantly over the years from Democritus with his views of indivisible tomos to Thomsons plum pudding model and scientists
History of Atomic Theory Due to the constantly developing scientific theories, the model of the atom has changed significantly over the years - from Democritus with his views of indivisible átomos to Thomson's plum pudding model and scientists' most recent proposition: quarks. During the 5th Century BC, the first idea of the atom was devised. The Greek philosopher, Democritus, came up with his theory on the atom. He suggested that each of the four elements (earth, air, fire and water) consisted of atoms which were held together by miniscule hooks. Another of his beliefs was that a sample of matter could not be divided an infinite number of times - everything was made of a base particle which he termed 'átomos.' At the beginning of the 19th century, John Dalton came up with his own theories on the atom. He predicted that atoms made up elements and that they could not be divided, agreeing with Democritus. He also believed that all atoms of a given element were the same, and that atoms of one element were different to those of any other element. However, by then the number of elements had grown from 4 and included substances such as 'potash,' 'soda' and 'lime,' with none of the Greeks' elements remaining. During experiments with cathode rays around the turn of the 20th century, JJ Thomson discovered the electron. He realised that these cathode rays were a stream of
The development of the modern concept of the atom, the size and nature of an atom and the ideas on sub-atomic particles
Assignment 1 The development of the modern concept of the atom, the size and nature of an atom and the ideas on sub-atomic particles Introduction Throughout the ages the study of what we call today chemistry has evolved into a highly developed point of study. One distinct element of chemistry is atomic theory. Throughout the ages atomic theory has been developed and extended by many different men who were all well-known chemists and physicists in their day. They developed the study of atoms from pure conjecture into known facts. The five atomic theories of the past two centuries represent the sudden advancement of science in modern times. Beginning with a basic theory on the behavior of atoms to the current model, some changes have been made, and some ideas are still the same. Ancient Greek philosophers believed that everything was made up of invisible particles called atmos. Since then the theory of atoms did not progress until 1803. John Dalton was the first scientist to compose a theory of matter base on atoms. Dalton's atomic theory is based on four concepts. He stated: "1. All elements are composed of atoms, which are indivisible and indestructible particles. 2. All atoms of the same element are exactly alike; in particular, they have the same mass. 3. Atoms of different elements are different; in particular, they have different masses. 4. Compounds are formed by the