The Development Quantum Computing.
The Development Quantum Computing ? In the beginning The story of computers started with the abacus invented by the Babylonians around 500 B.C. In 1614 John Napier began to develop mechanical computers such as the Babbage differential engine that could carry out one fixed problem to the accuracy of 20 decimal places using steam power. This is a picture of the left side of the Manchester Mark 1 computer, which was constructed in 1947. However, computing didn't advance until the introduction of vacuum tube powering in the early 20th century and transistors in 1947. At present computers work by manipulating bits, that can only be of discrete values of 1 or 0. In a digital computer the value of a bit is generated by the voltage on a capacitor, with a charged capacitor representing 1 and an uncharged capacitor denoting 0. According to Moores law the number of transistors in computer chips doubles every 18 months and computers have been seen to double in speed and half in size every two years, this is due to advanced lithography that allows wires and transistors contained in chips to be one hundredth of the width of a human hair These computers can carry out calculations using algorithms, a precise set of instructions used to solve a particular problem, an example of a fast or usable algorithm is addition and a slow or hard algorithm is factorisation. There a limits to
A2 OCR B (Advancing Physics) - Research and Report: Nuclear Fusion as an Energy Source
Nuclear Fusion as an Energy Source In this project I am going to look at Nuclear Fusion as an Energy Source to replace dwindling fossil fuels, unreliable renewable energy and Nuclear Fission which produces hazardous waste. I shall investigate how efficient Nuclear Fusion is compared to these alternatives. I will also consider how safe Fusion is; including the reaction that takes place and any waste produced. I am also going to compare the advantages and disadvantages of Fusion with Fission and the other alternatives. Furthermore I will look into the current stage of development of Fusion to evaluate how likely it is that Nuclear Fusion can be used as an energy source in the future Nuclear Fusion is a process that occurs naturally in the sun (and other stars) and provides it with the tremendous energy it gives off. This gives it the potential to provide an almost limitless supply of clean energy for future generations. In Stars there are two chains of reactions which convert hydrogen to helium; the proton cycle and the Carbon-Nitrogen-Oxygen Cycle. The Proton cycle in the most common and occurs in our Sun. The reaction produces 27 MeV of energy but the reaction rate is very low, however the tremendous conditions on the Sun; 10-15 Million °C, 1/4 of a trillion atmospheres and 8 times the density of gold, allows matter to be converted into great amounts of energy. To make
case study on mugs
Case Study two The most suitable material to use when in production of mugs. To design a mug the most crucial part of the design is the material you choose to use. This is because the material you use will greatly affect how useful the product is. When producing a mug manufacturers need to know that it will have the main properties needed for a mug these are: * Durable * Strong * Low thermal heat conductivity (so no heat is lost) * High specific heat capacity * Malleable * Lightweight * Strong * High melting point * Aesthetically pleasing The two materials I have chosen to use for my research are polystyrene and glass as I think these are both suitable candidates. Glass Glass is known to be a non-toxic, inorganic, amorphous (meaning no definite form), brittle, transparent solid that has an irregular atomic structure. The most successful and widely used glass for cook ware that is heat resistant is known as tempered glass. Tempered glass is made up of annealing glass which is a process of slowly cooling glass to relieve internal stresses after it was formed. This will therefore toughen the glass and increase its compressive strength. Annealing glass www.americanglassresearch.com%2Fcontentmanager Tempered glass Toughened or tempered glass is glass that has been processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments. It is a far more increased strength
Investigating The Efficiency of Sun Block Cream.
Investigating The Efficiency of Sun Block Cream Aim of Investigation: The aim of this investigation is to discover how efficient sun block cream is and whether the claims by the company agree with my results. Why I chose this experiment: I chose to do this experiment because it seemed more interesting to me. Rather than just testing a sensor I thought it would be more interesting and rewardable to use a sensor to test something else. Also sunburn can be very serious and can cause illness therefore it is important to have efficient sun cream to prevent sunburn. What I am doing: I am going to take a range of factors of the same brand of sun cream and measure the level of UV radiation, which is allowed through each. It would also be good to test different brands as well however I could not obtain enough different brands of sun cream to carry out an experiment like this. What is UV radiation? The decrease of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere, which serves as a protective shield against ultraviolet light, has focused much attention on the harmful effects of ultraviolet light (especially ultraviolet-B light). For example ultraviolet-B (UVB) light has harmful effects on the growth of agricultural crops, on the composition and constitution of ecosystems in the oceans and also on animal and human health, particularly for the skin and eye. Increased exposure to
The Life and Influences of Albert Einstein
Ryan Hebson, Ryan McCormick, Sarah Wilkinson, Natalie Spradlin Scientific Methods Professor Heaton 9 October 2004 The Life and Influences of Albert Einstein Sometimes in history, ironically, the greatest contributions to society come from the most inconceivable places. Undoubtedly, Albert Einstein contributed not only innovative thought to his time, but also aided in revolutionizing science especially in physics. His efforts, however, would not have been expected by historians if only his childhood was examined. Einstein was born March 14, 1879 to Herman and Pauline Einstein. Albert was the first child born to this young, Jewish couple. After a year, the couple moved to Munich where Einstein would spend the remainder of his childhood (Schulmann, par. 1). Like many children during this time, "Einstein's childhood was a normal one, except that to his family's irritation, he learnt to speak at a late age" (Schulmann, par. 1). His childhood was fortunate in that he was able to receive a high quality of education. By the age of five he was enrolled in a private school and by six he was receiving a full scale education at Petersschule, a Catholic school in Munich (Schulmann, par. 1). Einstein never shined in school and when attempting to apply to ETH, a school in Zurich, he was turned down because his exam results were "insufficient" (Schulmann, par. 2). Therefore,
Mobile Phones - A curse or a boon?
Mobile Phones - A curse or a boon? Since the beginning of time man has been inventing things; the bike, the car, the radio, the television, the telephone, the computer but the most recent invention to have taken the world by storm has to be the mobile phone. Originally a large, heavy, black box with an even larger protruding aerial, mobile phones were not widely used but today they are a must-have fashion accessory, and with coloured fascias, aerials, covers, logos and ring-tones available, its no surprise that children as young as eight are now asking Santa for an Ericsson PF768 or Motorola Wing Timeport V.550. With recent advances in technology WAP services have been provided on mobiles and in Japan they have fitted a video camera into the ever decreasing in size hand held phenomena. It is safe to say that mobiles have taken over, making it impossible to travel without hearing a dull-tone version of the number 1 tune blasting in your ear followed by, "Hello? I'm on the train!" There are many stories of lives being saved when someone suffers a heart attack whilst in the middle of nowhere and the victim is rescued because their companion rang the emergency services on their mobile. This is one reason why so many people own mobiles - security. The young and old are reassured that by owning a mobile, help can be on its way in the touch of a button if an emergency situation
Are Mobile Phones a danger to our health, and should they be continued to be used?
Are Mobile Phones a danger to our health, and should they be continued to be used? Ever since the price of mobile phones dropped, resulting in a huge increase in the number of people owning them, the question has always been asked as to whether they are safe and if they pose a danger to our health. The full results of long-term use on such a huge scale has never been able to be tested, as quite simply they have not been around long enough for the symptoms to make themselves clear. What are the effects of mobile phones and how serious are they? Should we continue to use them, or are the effects so serious that they should be abolished as soon as possible? New reports continue to be published suggesting that there might be health risks from mobile phones electromagnetic radiation. There can be no doubt any longer that mobile phone radiation affects living cells. For example research shows that nematode worms exposed to mobile phone radiation produce more eggs, release stress hormones and grow larger. But what is the effect of mobile phone radiation on people? Could we see a mass court action in twenty years time against telecom companies by people claiming compensation for health damage caused by radiation? It's a possibility, even though at present the clear evidence suggests that if there is any effect on human health at all, it is a very, very low risk for the individual
An Investigation into Gamma Rays and the Inverse Square Law.
An Investigation into Gamma Rays and the Inverse Square Law. Introduction: As with any radiation source, the radiation emitted spreads out from the origin (the point source). Although the gamma source to be used is not strictly a point source it is a fair approximation of one and will be sufficient for use in this experiment. The intensity of the radiation diminishes with the square of the distance if there is no absorption by the medium. Gamma radiation is absorbed by air molecules but may be considered negligible. Background Information and Research: * Supplied by the centre for non-destructive evaluation, Iowa state university, Ames, IA- -Newton's inverse square law: Any point source, which spreads its influence equally in all directions without a limit to its range, will obey the inverse square law. The intensity of the influence at any given radius(r) is the source strength divided by the area of the sphere. Being strictly geometric in its origin, the inverse square law applies to diverse phenomena. Point sources of gravitational force, electric field, light, sound and radiation obey the inverse square law. E.g.: - All measures of exposure of a point radiation source will drop off by the inverse square law. If the radiation exposure is 100mR/hr at 1 inch from a source, the exposure will be 0.01mR/hr at 100 inches. * The inverse square law is a principle that
Wave-particle Duality
Tanvir Rafe Wave-particle duality Physics In the early 1800's, scientists Michael Faraday, Augustin Fresnel and Thomas Young discovered and showed that light rays actually have the structure of waves. James Clerk Maxwell came up with the famous “Maxwell's four equations” that describe the phenomenon of light, called electromagnetic waves. However, the idea that light can have properties of both waves and particles does not appear in Maxwell’s equations. Henrich Hertz then discovered the photoelectric effect, he discovered that an electric current made of electrons emanates out of a photoelectric material when hit with light rays. Maxwell’s Equations did not explain this, so, in 1905 Albert Einstein used the quantum of energy theory to explain the extraction of the electrons. Einstein theorized that light rays are made of packets of energy, nowadays called photons, which through collisions knock real particles electrons off the photoelectric material. Albert Einstein studied the photoelectric effect. First, he began by shining ultraviolet light on the surface of a metal. When he did this, he was able to find electrons being coming from the surface. This was Einstein's explanation: If the energy in light comes in bundles, then you can think of light as containing packets of energy, or photons. When these particles strike a surface, they transfer their energy to
Why We Still Need the Space Programme
We Still Need the Space Program Alex Phan Imagine a world where people can chart paths of hurricanes and tidal waves, monitor pollution in the environment, and protect themselves from catastrophic accidents like meteoroids. Our country’s Space Program can provide all of this technology. Over the years, support for the space program has begun to decline because people don’t understand the valuable opportunities that the space program can give us. The space program is vital to the future of the human race, and it needs to be supported in the United States. The most important reason to support the space program is for our survival. Not our personal survival, but the survival of future generations. The space program has designed technology that can warn people of disasters that may be headed our way. One type would be an environmental disaster. The space program has remote sensing satellites to help in that type of situation. “Remote sensing satellites allow us to monitor the ozone hole, global warming, air, water and ocean pollution, the effect of oil spills on the melting ice caps, the loss of the rainforest and other environmental threats to human survival (Dykewicz, Paul “Methods to Limit Space Debris May be 'Weapons” www.onorbitwatch.com).It is said that the earth will someday run out of the fossil fuels that our society has become dependent on. “NASA