Nuclear Fusion as energy provider
For ?-decay, unstable atom emits an ?-particle, this can also apply to ?-decay. To distinguish ?-decay and ?-decay, here is a number of characteristic of each of the decay: relative charge, relative mass, nature, range, material to stop, deflection in electric field and magnetic field. ?-emission ?-emission Relative charge +2 -1 Relative mass 4 0.00055 Nature 2 protons + 2 neutrons (Helium nucleus) Electron Range 5cm 6m Material to stop Paper Aluminium(5mm thick)[] Deflection in electric field [2] Slightly towards negative terminal Greatly towards positive terminal Deflection in magnetic field[2] Slightly upwards Greatly downwards As an example, Bismuth can decay into Thallium and Polonium by emitting ?- and ?-particle respectively. For ?-decay of Bismuth: For ?-decay of Bismuth: The example above can show ?-particle is Helium particle while ?-particle is electron. Radioactive decay is different from fission reaction. Radioactive decay Fission . unstable . absorb 1 neutron 2. emit ?/?/?- particle 2. oscillate 3. become other elements 3. unstable 4.Fission (split) 5. give out 3 neutrons Fission reactions differ from radioactive decay both in the way that the reaction must be started and in the type of products that are formed [1]. Radioactive decay is a passive action, while fission is active. For radioactive decay, the atom is unstable;
The cloning of Dolly.
Contents Subject Page No. Introduction 2 Definitions of Terms 3 - 4 Arguments for and against 5 - 10 What the law states on the subject 1 Case studies 2 - 14 Islamic Perspective on Cloning 5 - 17 Personal Evaluation 8 Bibliography 9 Introduction Cloning On the 23 February 1997, the world woke up to news of a new technological advance. This advance was embodied in a "little lamb" going by the name of Dolly. At first glance, one could be forgiven for wondering what was so special about this white-faced sheep. Dolly looked like hundreds of the other lambs that dot the hills and fields of Scotland; and indeed for six months this lamb had grazed quietly and unnoticed among them. Dolly appeared positively ordinary. However, Dolly, despite appearances, had a most unusual conception. She was not the end result of a fusion of sperm with egg, which had been cloned from a single cell taken from the breast tissue of an adult sheep. It was the idea that this technology could be applied to humans. The cloning of Dolly raises serious ethical questions, particularly with respect to the possible use of this technology to clone human embryos. Religious groups across the world wondered if this is a miracle was to which we can thank God for, or to ignore it as an ominous way of playing God ourselves. Ethical choices must also have to be made. The public response to
Studying the Effect of Salt on Cress Germination
PLANNING Initial Method . Prepare 8 sterile Petri dishes with a perfectly fitting circle of cotton wool and filter paper, this will sit on top of the wool 2. A control dish must also be set up using the same steps as above 3. Weigh out 8 different salt measures, at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5 and 1.75 4. Measure out 8, 50ml beakers of distilled water 5. Add the one measure of salt into a beaker (1 beaker for each weight) and stir until the salt is dissolved and cannot be seen 6. Add one drop of Plant nutrient growth (e.g. baby bio) to each solution 7. Add each solution into individual Petri dishes which were made up earlier on, make sure the cotton wool and filter paper are allowed a small amount of time to absorb as much water as possible before the next step 8. Add 10 Cress seeds to each of the 8 solutions and place the lid on the dish 9. Place the dishes in are area which is well lit by natural light 0. Check the dishes each day for a week and top up each dish with the same solution if it is becoming dry, add the same amount to each dish (record what you add) 1. Count and record the percentage I chose to carry out my method in this fashion as it gave me the best way to see which salt concentration had the biggest effect. I chose 8 solutions as it gives me a good range to monitor the salinity effects. The solutions are based on findings in earlier research
Green Chemistry - greenhouse gases and the ozone layer
The 'Greenhouse effect' ? The greenhouse effect keeps us warm ? But, the enhanced greenhouse effect is responsible for global warming. Infrared radiation comes into the atmosphere and gets absorbed by the C=O, O-H and C-H bonds in H2O, CH4 and CO2. They vibrate gaining EK, which is dispersed, warming the Earth's surface. The greenhouse effect of a given gas is dependent on the: ? Concentration in the atmosphere (High CO2 etc) ? The ability to absorb infrared radiation (i.e. the bonding in it) The IPCC (bunch of chemists) collects evidence to force governments to stop producing so much CO2. Scientists should research ways in which global warming can be reduced ? Carbon-Capture and Storage (CCS)- This involves converting CO2 into liquid form. This liquid can be injected deep underground. ? Also reaction with metal oxides to form carbonates. (Magnesium Oxide) MO(s) + CO2(g) --> MCO3(s) ? The Kyoto Protocol was signed by developed nations governments to reduce output of greenhouse gasses to offset the progress of global warming. The scheme involved using carbon credits which can be traded around to penalise polluting nations. Some nations (Australia, USA (Obama)) are reluctant to join because of the impact on their economies.(See Geog notes) The ozone layer The Ozone Layer absorbs much of the harmful ultraviolet radiation emitted by
Theories of the Universe
Theories of the Universe There are many theories on the topic of 'everything', but as physicists are simple folk they can only settle for one simple answer. Just one. Most theoretical physicists have believed that, ultimately, there must be just one possible universe, the physical manifestation of a set of laws so compelling that no other option would be viable. One universe. One theory. One defining way. It was a lovely idea, but increasingly it seems a fantasy. In recent years, theory and experiment are leading to the conclusion that, far from being the only option, our universe may be just one among an almost infinite array of possible worlds. It may be that ours is simply one member of a vast cosmological swarm. Several paths seem to be leading in this direction. The most notable is string theory, which is the leading contender for a so-called theory of everything. Many physicists are convinced that some version of string theory will prove to be the final description of all physical reality, unification under one mathematical umbrella of matter, force, space and time. As the name so charmingly implies, string theory proposes that, at its core, the universe is composed of minute strings. To get a sense of what this means, imagine a subatomic particle as a tiny point; now further imagine that, as you look closer, this point turns out to be a tiny closed loop, not a
Design two experiments, one using titration and one using gas collection to show that H2SO4 is a dibasic acid.
Chemistry Practical Write-Up Aim: Design two experiments, one using titration and one using gas collection to show that H2SO4 is a dibasic acid. Gas Collection Experiment Prediction: If H2SO4 is dibasic it should give off a volume of hydrogen molecules, equal to the volume of H2SO4 used, below I have calculated how much gas to expect: H2SO4 + Mg › MgSO4 + H2 H2SO4 Concentration: 1 Mol/dm3 Volume: 0.025dm3 Moles: 1x0.025 = 0.025 H2 Moles: 0.025 0.025 * 24 Volume: 0.6dm3 Apparatus: Conical Flask, Magnesium, H2SO4, Bung, delivery tube, bowl of water, measuring cylinder. Diagram: Method: * Setup Apparatus as shown in the diagram. * Fill a conical flash with 25cm3 H2SO4. * Fill the measuring cylinder with water, making sure there are no bubbles, and turn it upside down in the water bath. * Drop the magnesium into the conical flask, and place the quickly place the bung on top. * The hydrogen gas will begin to displace the water in the measuring cylinder, wait until this stops, and record the results in a table like shown below, repeat until you have 3 results and calculate the average amount of gas evolved. Gas(dm3) - 1 Gas(dm3) - 2 Gas(dm³) - 3 Gas Average(dm³) To keep the results accurate we will keep all equipment and solutions used the same every time, we will do this experiment 3 times and take the average of the readings, and use this to see if
Power generation
Introduction: Oil is a liquid fossil fuel and is formed from layers and layers of buried animals and plants that have been under a lot of heat and pressure over a long time. Oil is a non-renewable resource as it cannot be produced on human time frame. Oil is used for many things; it's used for transportation, heating purposes, fuel for electricity generating plants. Fuel is found underground reservoirs. The production of electricity from oil begins with the extraction of oil and ends with the oil burning in boilers and turbines at power plants. Crude oil is removed from the ground by drilling deep wells and pumping it up to the surface. The crude oil is then moved to a refinery (refineries remove a portion of the impurities in the oil, e.g. metals) where it is refined into a number of fuel products: kerosene, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (propane). Then this crude oil is moved to power plants by trains, trucks, pipelines or ship. Many methods are used at the power plants to generate electricity from oil. One of the methods is to produce steam by burning the oil in the boilers which is used by a steam turbine to generate electricity. Another common method is to use combustion turbines to burn oil. In a fossil plant, oil, gas or coal is fired in the boiler, which means that the chemical energy of the fuel is converted into heat. Name of Fuel
Effect of nitrate concentration on the growth of Duckweeds
Introduction & Method At the beginning of the experiment, I put on a lab coat to protect myself from any danger that may occur. I made sure that all my equipments were clean and dry before I started, and I also measured the temperature of the room to confirm it was around room temperature. I then made sure that the ice cube tray was clean, I put a little label on one end of the tray to indicate my starting point row of the ice cube tray. I then made a little note to myself that the label indicated the row which will contain the 0.0% x 10-3 concentration of nitrate in the solution, and the rows onwards will contain the concentration of nitrogen in solution in ascending orders which I will use (0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 and 2.4 % x 10-3). I Whilst pouring the solutions into a glass beaker I put on goggles and gloves to protect my eyes and hands from any contacts with the ammonium nitrate solution, as any contact can lead to irritation of the skin and eye. I poured 80-90cm3 of the 1st concentration which contained 0.0% x 10-3 of nitrate into a 100cm3 glass beaker. Next I used a clean syringe to measure out 25cm3 of the solution into the 1st well (near my label). The tray had 3 wells in a row and there were 6 rows, I repeatedly added 25 cm3 of the same ammonium nitrate solution into the remaining two wells of that row, so that I will obtain a result of three replicates with each
Preperation of Antifebrin
Preparation of Antifebrin In this experiment, I am going to prepare the organic compound of antifebrin from readily available chemical reagents. Antifebrin is an odourless solid chemical of white flake-like appearance. Chemically, antifebrin is the amide phenylethanamide CH3ONHC6H5. It's slightly soluble in water. It does have the ability to self-ignite if it reaches the temperatures of 545°c but otherwise it's a stable compound. The pure crystals of antifebrin are plate shaped and white in colour. The antifebrin in this experiment is prepared from the reaction between phenylammonium chloride (C6H5NH3Cl) and ethanoic anhydride[ (CH3CO)2O ]. Chemical Equation for the Reaction: C6H5NH3+ Cl- + (CH3CO)2O CH3ONHC6H5 + CH3OOH + HCl Procedure & Observations: Procedure Observation Dissolve 1.0g of phenylammonium chloride in 30cm3 of water in a conical flask. Phenylammonium chloride is a greyish-green crystal like product. Adding water to it gives a solution pale grey with green tinge. After dissolving the solutions turns clear with a green-grey colour and no precipitate. Prepare a solution of 6.0g of sodium ethanoate in 25cm3 of water in a conical flask. Sodium ethanoate is a white powder. It dissolves completely in water to give a colourless solution. Carefully add 2cm3 of ethanoic anhydride to the solution of phenylammonium
Particle accelerators are used to study matter and energy.
ACCELERATORS Introduction Particle accelerators are used to study matter and energy. They accelerate charged particles through an electric field in an evacuated tube. The particles collide into a target or another particle. The collision point is in a detector, which records how the particles collide. All accelerators use a strong magnetic field to move particles. They all have the same three main parts: * A source of particles or ions * A tube pumped to a vacuum * A way of speeding up the particles. The three main types are: * cyclotron (spiral) * synchrotron (circular) * linear (linac) Cyclotron A cyclotron is a resonance accelerator. It has of two large dipole magnets which produce a semi-circular region of magnetic field. An oscillating voltage is applied to produce an electric field across the gap between the 2 semicircles. Particles are injected into the magnetic field region. They go in a semicircular path until they reach the gap. Then the electric field in the gap accelerates the particles. The particles have higher energy so follow a semicircular path with larger radius. The electric field frequency must be just right to accelerate the particles. Synchrotron A synchrotron is a circular accelerator which has 'electromagnetic resonant cavities' placed at regular intervals around a ring to accelerate the particles. Particles pass through each
