Catalyse Investigation

Catalyse is an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Hydrogen Peroxide Water + Oxygen 2H2O2 2H2O +O2 The factors that affect enzyme activity are: · Enzyme concentration (Gareth Williams, Biology For You page 31) · Substrate concentration (Mary + Geoff Jones, Biology page ) · Temperature (Gareth Williams, Biology For You page 31) · pH (Gareth Williams, Biology For You page 31) Background Information Enzymes such as catalyse are protein molecules, which are found in living cells. They are used to speed up specific reactions in the cells. They are all very specific as each enzyme just performs one particular reaction. Catalyse is an enzyme found in food such as potato and liver. It is used for removing Hydrogen Peroxide from the cells. Catalyse speeds up the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide into water and oxygen. It is able to speed up the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide because of the shape of the Hydrogen Peroxide molecule. This type of reaction where a molecule is broken down into smaller pieces is called an anabolic reaction. In my investigation I will study the effect of enzyme concentration on the rate of catalyse activity. Prediction I predict that if I increase the enzyme concentration this will increase the rate of catalyse activity because there will be more active sites for reactions, resulting in more chemical

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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Rate of Respiration

Aim The purpose of this investigation is to discover whether different respiratory substrates will affect the rate of respiration of yeast. I will investigate this by measuring the amount of C02 evolved during anaerobic respiration. As C02 is a waste product produced during respiration, measuring the volume of c02 produced will allow me to evaluate which of the sugars are best metabolized during respiration (of yeast). Background information Yeast Yeasts are a form of eukaryotic microorganisms that are used heavily in industry to be used for fermentation of alcohols and baking. Yeast digest the sugars using extracellular enzymes to break down the compounds, thus yeast are known as saprophytes, which the products will be transported into the cell of the yeast by facilitated diffusion to be respired. The yeast synthesises the enzymes required that will be specific to the substrate that they will be digesting. For example, domestic yeast is sold in as a sucrose solution, and the cell membrane of the yeast contains a high concentration of sucrose enzymes, thus the yeast adapts its digestive enzymes to its environments to digest specific sugars. Yeast can respire both through aerobic and anaerobic respiration, depending on the availability of oxygen present within the surrounding area. If oxygen is not present then fermentation occurs which converts sugars i.e. glucose into

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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Recombinant DNA, genetically engineered DNA prepared in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together specific DNA fragments; usually uses DNA from more than one species of organism.

Recombinant DNA, genetically engineered DNA prepared in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together specific DNA fragments; usually uses DNA from more than one species of organism Genetic Engineering Genetics: Genetic Research After Mendel DNA Carries Heredity Every living system has a blueprint for replication, or making copies of itself. This blueprint is commonly called heredity. The key structure of the hereditary process is the long, spiral DNA molecule. DNA consists of two complementary strands coiled around each other to form a twisting ladder called a double helix (see Genetics). The strands are made up of varying sequences of chemical groups which are called nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of a sugar and a phosphate group plus either of two purine bases--adenine (A) and guanine (G)--or either of two pyrimidine bases--thymine (T) and cytosine (C). DNA contains the genetic code for making proteins from smaller molecules called amino acids. Each base on a strand of DNA pairs only with its complement on the other strand; that is, A pairs only with T, and G pairs only with C. Moreover, each set of three bases on a strand, such as AAA, AGC, GGG, or CGT, codes for a specific amino acid (or in the case of a few triplets, for an end to the protein-making process). Thus, a base triplet corresponds to a particular amino acid in the same way that a unit

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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Investigating the Rate of the Reaction between Bromide and Bromate Ions in Acid Solution

Investigating the Rate of the Reaction between Bromide and Bromate Ions in Acid Solution In this investigation, I aim to fully investigate the factors affecting the rate of the reaction between bromide ions and bromate ions in acid solution. The equation of this reaction is given below: 5Br-(aq) + BrO3-(aq) + 6H+(aq) --> 3Br2 (aq) + 3H2O(l) (Equation 1.0.1) I will attempt to find the rate equation for the reaction, in the form: (Equation 1.0.2) where k is the rate constant and x, y, and z are the orders of reaction with respect to Br-, BrO3- and H+ respectively. I will also attempt to find a suitable catalyst for the reaction, as well as the activation enthalpy for the reaction with and without a catalyst. The reaction is a redox reaction: the bromide is oxidised to bromine and the bromate is reduced to bromine. This can be shown by the oxidation states of bromide, bromate and bromine: 5Br-(aq) + BrO3-(aq) + 6H+(aq) --> 3Br2 (aq) + 3H2O(l) Oxidation State: -1 +5 -2 +1 0 +1 -2 I shall be using solutions of Potassium Bromide (KBr) and Potassium Bromate (KBrO3) as sources of bromide and bromate ions for the reaction, and Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) as a source of H+ ions. A solution methyl orange shall be used as an indicator, which will change colour from pink (in acid solution) to colourless when Bromide ions are produced. In order to be able to measure the amount of time

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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How does the concentration of enzymes affect the breakdown of starch by a-amylase in biological washing powders?

How does the concentration of enzymes affect the breakdown of starch by ?-amylase in biological washing powders? In the cleaning business, it's important to get a maximum cleaning effect at a minimum cost. This is especially applicable to the washing of clothes (both commercially, before an item of clothing goes on the market, or at home). This means trying to wash clothes at the lowest possible temperature, to keep the amount of electricity used at a minimum, yet trying to make and maintain a low-priced washing product that cleans effectively. This is why many washing powders use enzymes: enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the breakdown of certain substances (in this case the molecules in food stain). Enzymes have a certain optimum temperature (a temperature at which the enzymes function at its best). Optimum temperatures are different for every enzyme, but they tend to be around 45°C. This means that if enzymes are to be used in washing powders, the temperature at which the clothes are washed will have to be at the optimum temperature, in order to achieve maximum enzymatic effect. This optimum temperature, in the case of the enzymes concerned (the enzymes that break down protein, fats and starch in food stains on clothes), is lower than the normal washing temperature of clothes, 60°C, which means the use of enzymes in washing powders will reduce the washing

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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Investigate how concentration of the enzyme catalase in celery tissue alters the rate of reaction with hydrogen peroxide.

Problem: Investigate how concentration of the enzyme catalase in celery tissue alters the rate of reaction with hydrogen peroxide. An enzyme, a biological catalyst, accelerates a chemical reaction, without changing the reaction's outcome and can be recovered from amongst the end products. For just about every reaction in a living organism there is an enzyme to catalyse it. For a chemical reaction to occur two conditions must be satisfied: the reacting molecules collide at the correct orientation to each other; and the second is that the reactants contain enough energy to bring about the breakage of appropriate chemical bonds. The energy can come from heat energy but the temperature needed is hard to obtain and maintain in an organism and is harmful to cells, amongst other things. In addition to raising the temperature, the rate of reaction can be altered by increasing the pressure, the presence of a catalyst, the concentration of reactants and the surface area across which the reaction occurs, although these factors may not apply to all reactions. This energy, required by the substrate to react and form an end-product, is called the activation energy. The diagram below shows how activation energy is changed by an enzyme-induced reaction. Fig 1.1 Activation Energy and Enzyme-catalysis, influence of. An enzyme decreases the activation energy and therefore rate of reaction

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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MENTAL HEALTH

AO1 Mental health issues The concept of mental health There are a wide range of different terms that people use to describe mental health these are as follows: The World Health Organisation (WHO) have objectives and functions, which are there core commitment to mental health promotion, these are as follows: - " not merely the absence of disease of infirmity" - "attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health" - To foster activities in the field of mental health, especially those affecting the harmony of human relations" The World Health Organisation defines health as: ... A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity Mental health promotion involves actions that support people to adopt and maintain healthy lifestyles, which therefore create a supportive living condition or environment. Mental illnesses are common and universal. There is no general term for mental health and illnesses. According to research, the most prevalent mental health problems were due to alcohol and drug abuse, family violence and abuse, and suicidal behaviour. Many people in the society are not very familiar with mental health problems. Although, research has shown that about 50 years ago, people would class people with mental health problems and would say they had a 'demon' was inside of them and possessed them.

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  • Level: AS and A Level
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the effect of bile concentration on the activity of the enzyme lipase during the break down of milk

Aim To investigate the effect of the concentration of bile salts on the activity of lipase on the breakdown of milk. Introduction From prior AS knowledge involving biological molecule I know that lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by the action of the enzyme lipase. Subsequently using this information in the experiment we will be measuring the fall in pH using a pH probe to find the rate of reaction of the experiment. This is because if lipase is breaking down the lipids then the pH should fall and become more acidic as fatty acids which are acidic are being produced. By keeping the variables the same except for the concentration of bile salts we can be able to see what affect, if any the bile salts have on the activity of the enzyme lipase on the breakdown of lipids, with our source of lipids being milk. In addition to this by using accurate apparatus and by keeping the conditions the experiment is done in the same I will be able to make my results both precise and accurate. Background Enzymes An enzyme is a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy needed by the reactants to react, thus allowing the reaction to precede much faster by a factor of millions as seen in the graph below. Like all catalysts, enzymes remain unaltered by the completed reaction and can therefore continue to function,

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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Weed study. Dandelions - descrption and characteristics. Investigation to dandelion distribution.

Introduction One of the most familiar wild plants is the dandelion. It is, however, a troublesome plant that is a weed in lawns and gardens. The dandelion lives throughout the temperate zones. It is a perennial, surviving winter and re-growing in early spring. It blooms in spring and summer. The roots may be up to five feet (1.5 meters) deep. The deeply lobed leaves grow out from center close to the ground. The best way to get rid of dandelions in a lawn is to use a weed killer. They also may be pulled, but it is necessary to loosen the plant so that the entire root comes out. Dandelions belong to the composite family of plants. The blossom is actually a bouquet of about 150 to 200 tiny flowers set in a solid head on a receptacle. Each flower is a perfect seed-producing floret. As the small, dry, one-seeded fruits mature, they push up a feathery structure called a pappus on a threadlike stalk. All the pappi together make up the blow ball. The wind takes the seeds and scatters them far and wide. Dandelion greens are a delicacy in the spring when the leaves are tender and fresh. They can be boiled or eaten raw in salads. The word dandelion comes from the French dent de lion, meaning 's tooth. The scientific name is Taraxacum officinale. Picture number one shows a fully blossomed dandelion, these are most likely to be seen in early spring. Picture number two

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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The effect of Copper Sulphate concentration on Catalase activity on Hydrogen Peroxide.

The effect of Copper Sulphate concentration on Catalase activity on Hydrogen Peroxide Aim: The aim of my investigation is to explore the effects of chemical inhibitors upon the rate of reaction. The reaction I am going to focus on is the breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide by the enzyme Catalase. Such reaction is represented by the following equation: 2H202 (aq) ?2H20 (l) + 02 (g) Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is a colourless, syrupy liquid that is a strong oxidising agent and, in water solution, a Iak acid. It is miscible with cold water and is soluble in alcohol and ether. Although pure hydrogen peroxide is fairly stable, it decomposes into water and oxygen when heated above about 80°C; it also decomposes in the presence of numerous catalysts, e.g., most metals, acids, or oxidisable organic materials. A small amount of stabiliser, usually acetanilide, is often added to it. Upon the bases of this information, collected from the source (www.encyclopedia.com) and a pilot experiment, which I carried out, I decided that the latter could function as a suitable substrate for the reaction I am going to be studying. Catalase is an enzyme: enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of a reaction by loIring the activation energy needed to initially break the bonds that hold the reactant molecules together. Catalases are some of the most efficient enzymes found in cells. Each

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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