Why Aren't Crimes Reported?
Why Aren't Crimes Reported? For a large number of crimes that are committed, the biggest percentage of them is not reported to the police or authorities. This could be due to several reasons. Fear Victims might be afraid of the offenders and the consequence if they report the crime/s. An example is if a woman was being beaten up by her husband. She might not report this to the police, as she will be too scared of what he might do to her afterwards. In the case of a burglary, the person who reports it might worry that a repeat of the incident will occur. Similarly, in the case of blackmail, the victim might fear the consequence of reporting to the police to be the revelation of whatever they were being blackmailed for. Such cases may force people to keep quiet instead, due to fear. Shame/Embarrassment As a result of many crimes, victims might find themselves to be ashamed of themselves or embarrassed. This could include crimes of sexual abuse or rape. The victim might be embarrassed to go and talk to someone about it or they might think that they deserved it. This could lead them to saying quiet and suffering in silence. Also they may think that the police won't take them seriously or if the case goes to court, they might want to avoid humiliation. It might also be a private matter and people might not want to involve the police, such as sexual abuse within
Five years wasted on stupidity!
Jelena Kapisoda 11.T Five years wasted on stupidity! In this research project I am going to look at how gun crime affects the way the society is running and also how violence, drugs and other criminal offences etc control each any every ones life in some way. This is an important issue in sociology because people believe in laws and the government can not protect them selves, so they carry weapons to protect them selves, this is an issue that people is society deal with now. I have chosen this topic because it is interesting topic and due to living in the area that these things happen within I want to find out what people around think about gun crime and also the reason why society is creeping into American culture of guns. Some sociologists say that ethnic minority tend to take part in gun crime this is mainly of the status in their society, low paid employment, urban areas (ghetto). Other sociologists say that they cannot succeed in life there for they turn to crime and violence. I suggest that each individual has its own mind, however the area you live in and the kind of education each person receives does have an affect but there is more to life then depending on others. No matter how much peer pressure you get you still need to be unique. My hypothesis is to evaluate if five years is enough of a sentence to be caught carrying a gun in the UK because I want to
The New Ethic Mob by William Kleinknecht
The New Ethnic Mob By: Eric M. Breindel HIS 346 Professor Salisbury Eric Breindel HIS 346 Book Report The New Ethic Mob by William Kleinknecht explores how the current criminals involved in organized crime are no longer just the Italians. He could be Cuban, Chinese, Russian, African-American, Haitian, or Jamaican. These are the new breed of more sophisticated and more brutal organized criminals. In the preface of the book Kleinknecht states not to mistake this work for a case against immigration in the United States. The author does a great job giving background information on how organized crime emerged in the early part of the nineteenth century. Then became much stronger though prohibition with Italian, Irish, and Jewish groups controlling this period. However, Kleinknecht's main focus is the new adeptness of the ethnic organized criminal. After calling and emailing William Kleinknecht many times with no response I am sorry to say that I have no background information on his current interests. I however did find out that he is a crime reporter for the Newark Star Ledger in New Jersey, and The New Ethnic Mob is Bill's first published book. As mafia boss after mafia boss goes to jail there is a new ethnic criminal emerging to the forefront of organized crime. A major player that is likely to leave a lasting impact is the Russian mafia. Many experts say they have even
Distinguish among positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, presentation punishment, and removal punishment
Distinguish among positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, presentation punishment, and removal punishment. Give a concrete example of each. Whenever a particular stimulus is presented after a behavior, and the behavior increases as a result, positive reinforcement has occurred. This is the case whether or not the presented stimulus is one that others would agree is pleasant and desirable. For instance, some students will make a response to get a teacher's praise, but others (like James in our case study) may behave to get themselves a scolding. Most students will work for As, but a few may actually prefer Cs or even Fs. Depending on the individual, any one of these stimuli-the praise, the scolding, the A, or the F-may be a positive reinforcer. Take, for example, concrete reinforcers. A concrete reinforcer is an actual object-something that can be touched. Snacks, stickers, and toys are all examples of concrete reinforcers. Such reinforcers are especially likely to be effective with young children. In contrast, negative reinforcement brings about the increase of a behavior through the removal of a stimulus (typically an unpleasant one). The word negative here is not a value judgment; it simply refers to the act of taking away a stimulus. When people make a response to get rid of something, they are being negatively reinforced. Take, for example, the case
Realist approaches are unlike any other approach. They don't concentrate on the causes or crime and why people commit crime, instead they emphasise solving crime, which requires practical solutions
Realist approaches are unlike any other approach. They don't concentrate on the causes or crime and why people commit crime, instead they emphasise solving crime, which requires practical solutions. They argue that other theories have made no contributions in trying to solve crime. They criticize other approaches for, sympathising and romanticising with the criminal, ignoring the victims of crime and the damage they suffer and failing to produce practical solutions to crime. However, there are two approaches to realism. New right realism and new left realism. These two approaches are from very different roots. Right realists believe that people make rational choices to commit crime. They suggest that people will choose to commit crime when the opportunity or situation is there and the benefits of the crime outweigh the costs. In support of these views is James Q Wilson, 'In thinking about crime' (1975). Wilson provides the practical solutions to these concerns by suggesting that harsher sentences and more police are the answer to crime. Therefore if punishments were greater and there was a greater chance of getting caught then less people would commit crime. However, controversially Wilson believes that such an approach can have only a limited impact. In reality, the chances of getting caught for a particular crime are small. If offenders believe that they are not going to
'Feminist theorising and research on crime within the family has transformed fundamentally criminological understanding of the problem of crime' Discuss.
Seminar Leader: Keith Hayward Natalie Norwood 'Feminist theorising and research on crime within the family has transformed fundamentally criminological understanding of the problem of crime' Discuss. The Sage Dictionary of Criminology1 defines family Crime as a "generic term which draws attention to the extent and range of violence and abuse in 'private' domestic life". Family crime or domestic violence has been a hidden crime for many decades. The woman's movement in the 1970's broke the silence on issues which related to the victimisation of women in the private sphere. These issues included childhood abuse, incest, rape and domestic violence. Since that movement, women's experiences began to be discussed and noted. Feminist criminology started to become a noticeable part of criminology around the early 90's. Criminologists with the feminist perspective aim to increase female visibility within criminological knowledge. As well as this, they aim to understand crime as a male dominated activity produced not only as a result of sex differences but also as a product of gender differences. They question whether sex/gender have a place in crime, justice and criminological and justice theories. Feminist criminology is made up of many different theories; there is no one feminist criminology and it is believed by many that the term "feminist criminology" should be
Critically assess the contribution of labelling theory to an understanding of crime and deviance
Critically assess the contribution of labelling theory to an understanding of crime and deviance Labelling theory is one theory suggested by sociologists as the explanation for crime and deviance. However, several different theories were in existence before the labelling theory came about. First of all there were the biological theories; these stated that the cause of a person acting in a deviant manner was due to a physiological characteristic or quality which they possessed. For example having a mesomorphic body type or having XYY chromosomes were believed to be causes of someone becoming a criminal. Biological theories however are widely criticised as they do not take into account several patterns in the distribution within society of crime and deviance, which statistics show are apparent. For example there is an obvious pattern between social status and criminal convictions; there are many more convictions in the working class communities. However, physiological characteristics are randomly distributed meaning that as many upper class individuals should commit crimes as the lower classes, the biological theories give no explanation to why this is the case. Another point for criticism is the difference in amount of convictions of the old and young, when in reality there are far more younger people commit crimes. If it was a biological factor causing someone to commit
describe four studies relating to crime and deviance - each from a different perspective. The Functionalist, Marxist, Symbolic Interactionist and New left realism perspective on crime and deviance
The purpose of this essay is to describe four studies relating to crime and deviance - each from a different perspective. The Functionalist, Marxist, Symbolic Interactionist and New left realism perspective on crime and deviance will be described. Functionalist, Albert K. Cohen's study of the delinquent subculture and Symbolic interactionist, Howard Becker's labelling theory will be evaluated with the intent to discover the strengths and weaknesses of each perspective. Crime and deviance are contentious subjects and consequently there are various competing theories, which attempt to extract the essence of both crime and deviance. When evaluating these theories - a coalition of all perspectives produces an in depth understanding of this topic. A definition of crime and deviance can be explained in relative terms, which are dependant on any particular society's interpretation of crime or deviance. Cultures differ from one society to another and the general consensus of right and wrong within society can also evolve throughout time. For example, in the 1950's it would have been considered deviant to have sex before marriage. Gradually throughout time this has become acceptable. Crime can also be considered in the same respect. For instance, parents, up until recently had the right to discipline their children by 'smacking', this is now an infraction of the law. (Haralambos,
The widespread nature of crime, its very normality, makes the search for the causes of crime less attractive'. Discuss this statement in relation to the developments in British criminology during the second half of the twentieth century.
'The widespread nature of crime, its very normality, makes the search for the causes of crime less attractive'. Discuss this statement in relation to the developments in British criminology during the second half of the twentieth century. The rise in crime and the increase in the number of offenders had a profound effect on the working principles occurring in the criminal justice system and the academic theory occurring within criminology. The widespread nature of crime, its very normality, makes the search for causes less attractive. The new administrative criminology openly criticises 'dispositional' theories, rather it explains crime by the notion of a universal human imperfection when presented with the opportunity (Young, 2001, p. 31). The task is to create barriers to restrict such opportunities and to be able to construct a crime prevention policy which minimises risks and limits the damage. An actuarial approach occurs which is concerned with the calculation of risk rather than either individual guilt or motivation (Van Swaaningen & Young, 1997, p.32). Both the modernist discourse of neo-classicism and positivism is discarded. We are interested neither in liability nor pathology, in deterrence nor in rehabilitation. The focus is on prevention rather than imprisonment or cure. It is not an inclusionist philosophy which embraces all into society until they are found
The changes in crime and punishment in schools
The changes in crime and punishment in schools Abstract I chose this hypothesis because crime and punishment has changed a lot and I want to see how much it has changed and the pupils' attitudes towards it. The areas I hope to examine are the changes in crime and punishment in schools, how people get punished and what they did to receive that punishment and also the attitude the pupils have towards the punishment. The sociological issues involved are: What is deviance?-What will be considered serious enough to warrant a punishment. Sexism-Are there different punishments given because of different sexes. Crime rates in schools. Discipline. Introduction My aim is to find out how much crime and punishment has changed in schools and how much the attitude has changed towards the punishment. I will look at what pupils get punished for in the present day and what punishments were given and the attitudes towards the punishment. This connects to my background material because I can compare the punishments given and the reasons why the punishment was given. Background The first context I have used is www.nettlesworth.durham.sch.uk/time/victorian/vschool.html. The main conclusions of this article are that children were scared of their teachers because they were very strict. The reasons for the came were rude conduct, leaving the playground without permission, sulkiness,
