Corporal Punishment.
Corporal Punishment Firstly, Corporal Punishment- what does it mean? The definition is "physical punishment by beating or whipping". This is present in many schools across the world. For example: Africa, parts of Asia and Russia are just a few of many countries, which allow Corporal Punishment into their education systems. Corporal Punishment is a daily routine for some children. It is seen as a disciplinary act, which helps children to realize that their actions were wrong, unneeded and disappointing. However Corporal Punishment is also a form of abuse and violence, which can affect the child in a traumatic manner. It is seen as an act, so that pupils will learn to be good and will learn the consequences of bad behavior. Students who don't "care" about their or other student's learning, should be made an example of as it will teach other students that immodest conduct is unacceptable and make sure that lessons are not interrupted by unnecessary intervals, as the children will have learnt that disobedience will be punished. Yet, Corporal Punishment is an act, which may promote violence in the child's behavior as they may believe that brutality is the key to getting a message across and understood. It is way of continuing, and encouraging, child abuse as children will grow up to believe that it is okay to strike someone smaller and weaker than himself or herself. It may
Crime and Deviance
Critically analyse factors influencing the recording of crime statistics using at least 2 sociological theories. The following essay will look at the factors influencing the recording of crime statistics whilst giving an overview of sociological theories regarding crime and deviance. A century ago, most people who thought about the issue believed that some people were just biologically criminal (Giddens; 2006). Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso believed that criminal types could be identified by anatomical features. Psychological approaches to criminality have searched for explanations of deviance within the individual, not society. Both biological and psychological approaches to criminality presume that deviance is a sign of something 'wrong' with the individual, rather than with society (Giddens; 2006). Deviance may be defined as non-conformity to a given set of norms that are accepted by a significant number of people in a community or society. No society can be divided up between those who conform and those who deviate from social norms. (Giddens; 2006). Most of us on some occasions transgress generally accepted rules of behaviour. For example at some point in one's life one may have committed minor acts of theft, like shoplifting or taking small items from work such as pens, paper - for personal use, exceeded the national speed limit, made prank phone calls
Crime and deviance.
Crime and deviance. A crime is an act, which breaks the criminal laws of a society and is punished by the state. Deviance refers to behaviour, which does not conform to a societies norm and values and is therefore socially defined. Deviance is not rigid, it is both culturally and historically relative, the norms of groups vary from one to another. Factors affecting whether an act is deviant or not may be; time in history, society, who commits the act and the place. (O'Donnell 1981) There is a broad spectrum of deviance; an act may be deviant but legal, deviant and illegal or deviant and criminal What we see as deviant often depends on individual social position, background, context, morals or experiences. However, what is defined as deviant also depends on social factors, such as attitudes of those who control the media or politics or religion. They are in the upper positions of the hierarchy of credibility, which give them more power to put forward certain definitions of deviance and have them accepted. (Lewson 1994 ) Deviance has changed its definition throughout history. In the Victorian period divorce was generally strongly disapproved of and virtually impossible to obtain except by the wealthy few. In contempary Britain, divorce has become so common that the stigma attached to it has inevitably diminished greatly and we would not normally consider divorced people
Crime and Punishment.
Crime and Punishment In this particular crime, four generals who served under the rule of Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet were convicted of being implicated with the assassination of a trade unionist who had called for protests days earlier, this act made him an enemy of the state. At the time, the martial government viewed the victim, Tucapel Jimenez, as a threat to their grasp on the country so he had to be eliminated. On the other hand, the people of the time saw this as another injustice committed by a fascist government desperate to remain in power and cut short any potential uprising. The people of Chilli still hold this view today; with many more opting for campaigns to bring to justice the senior officials who gave the orders to commit these various atrocities and assassinations during their time in power. Capital punishment had now been abolished as prisons had become the most common form of punishment, with 90% of serious offenders sent to prison. The emphasis of prisons had shifted from trying to deter current and future criminals to actively reforming and rehabilitating criminals back into society. The present government, eager to present itself as a new and fair democracy, has two main reasons for trying to bring the senior ranking generals to court. The first is to try to dissociate itself as much as possible from the previous regime; much like post-war
Crime And Punishment
Crime And Punishment The crime problem in the United States has historically been misstated and exaggerated by bureaucrats and politicians. The intentions behind these overstatements vary within each context but a common thread emerges upon closer examination. As in any capitalist society, money and material possession are the primary motivation that fuels society and people. It could be argued that FBI director Louis Freeh made his comments to the National Press Club in 1994 out of genuine concern for the American people, but realistically the statement was made in an effort to gather support and increase funding for law enforcement. Following this statement and from increased pressure from politicians, the Federal Crime Bill was ratified, and authorized the spending of thirty billion dollars, primarily towards more police officers and prisons. It also included many new punitive sanctions and the expansion of the death penalty to more than fifty federal crimes. Louis Freeh's politically correct and unapprised proclamation takes an exceptionally narrow view of crime and its curtailment. Freeh chooses to focus on the media, statistics, and ultimately public opinion as his justification for increased funding. However he fails to realize the influence of the media and statistics in molding public opinion and the difference between public opinion and reality. Existing
Crime Prevention.
CJS 1009 Stage 1 Term 1 Workbook Exercise 3: Crime Prevention. Question 1. Situational Crime Prevention- Increased Effort/ Target Hardening. The first example of increased effort in our every day lives would be the locking of doors, whether it be houses, cars or garages. This is something that we do automatically every day, as we have been taught since we were young. The locking of the door means that the target of the crime becomes much harder to steal. Another example of target hardening would be the use of shutters and steel grids over jeweller's windows, to prevent the theft of goods even if the window was smashed. Situational Crime Prevention- Increased Risk. One example of increased risk would be the use of alarm systems. These can include any building where something of value is kept, such as shops, banks and the home. The potential criminal's perception of the risk of being caught will be greater once they are aware of an alarm system being activated. Another example of increased risk is the use of security floodlights. These are commonly set up in driveways and entrances to homes, as well as businesses, to increase the risk of the offender being seen and ultimately deter them from committing any possible criminal act. Situational Crime Prevention- Reducing Rewards. An example of reducing the rewards for criminals as a method of crime prevention is the
WHY DO YOUTHS IN CARE OFFEND AND REOFFEND?
WHY DO YOUTHS IN CARE OFFEND AND REOFFEND? ________________ Research topic: The link between young offenders in care and youth offending is not a well-documented in contemporary society, drawing on the BBC news (2011) it states that the majority of the 1,600 young people that are retained in young offenders institutions within England and Whales are either in care homes or have been in care homes. Though this has been established very little has been done to find out the core reason as to why youths in care offend to begin with and why then with the support care homes provide do these young individuals re-offend?. Research question: The central question that I will be looking at is why do young people in care offend and re-offend? To be able to answer this question it is important to look at why certain young people are in care to begin with? Why do youths in care behave in unacceptable ways? Is their behaviour a reaction to bad past experiences? Concentrating on literature by Wickliffe (2012) ‘why juveniles commit crime’ Wickliffe discusses some of the core reasons why individuals are drawn to crime Wickliffe explains that this varies from bad parenting, bad family experiences and peer pressures. Along with this a broad literature review will be undertaken to explore effectively the possible issues that contribute to youths offending and re-offending. Nature of
Marginalisation theories on Ethnicity and Crime
Marginalisation (Ethnicity & Crime) Origin Hazel Croall (1998) – stems from the 19th century when people associated the Irish as the ‘dangerous class’. Coretta Philips & Ben Bowling (2002) – issues regarding race and crime returned to public attention in the 1970s when there was an increase in the amount of African/Caribbean people in the prisons in Britain. Are Caribbean people being more criminal that other ethnicities? The Case of Stephan Lawrence (1993) – African Caribbean teenager who was verbally abused (race) and stabbed to death by a gang of white youths. No one has been convicted. The Macpherson Inquiry (1999) accused the police of “Institutional Racism”. Ethnicity, Crime & Moral Panic – ‘Black Criminality’ & ‘Asian Gang’ Philips & Bowling (2002) – consensus in the 1970s showed that the immigrants offended less than the majority. However, in the 1970’s there was a hike in arrests of African Caribbean immigrants for robberies and theft. As such, ‘Black Criminality’ emerged. On the other hand, Asians in the 1970’s had a lower crime rate. They were close knit and maintained family ties. However, P&B argue that by the 1990’s, they were seen to be a problem resulting in the ‘Asian Gang’. (e.g. 1994, Bangladeshi men murdered a man in King’s Cross; Urban Riots involving Asians). Paul Gilroy (1983) – ‘Black
Examine the relationship between crimes against the environment and the progress of globalisation (21marks)
Examine the relationship between crimes against the environment and the progress of globalisation (21marks) Globalisation is the widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of life, from the cultural to the criminal, the financial to the spiritual. Globalisation has many causes, such as the spread of new information and communication technologies, the influence of global mass media, cheap air travel, and easier movement so that business can easily relocate to countries where profits will be greater. Manuel Castells (1998) argues there is now a global criminal economy worth over £1 trillion per year, this takes a number informs. These include arms trafficking, trafficking in nuclear materials, smuggling of illegal immigrants, trafficking in women and children, sex tourism, trafficking in body parts, cyber-crimes, green crimes international terrorism, smuggling of legal goods, trafficking in cultural artefacts, trafficking in endangered species, the dugs trade and money laundering. The global economy could not function without a supply side that provides the source of the drugs, sex workers and other goods. Taylor links global crime to the way the capitalist system has developed. Two important features have been the rise of transnational corporations which are companies that operate across national borders, and the deregulation of
The tragedy at Columbine High School let to reforms in gun laws and antibullying statutes in the United States.
Ashley Hogan Hogan1 Period D British Literature February 15, 2012 Doctor Sousa Destin April 20th, 1999 marks the day in history when two teenagers from a small town in Colorado changed the world forever. This day affected not only the nation but also the entire world. The tragedy at Columbine High School let to reforms in gun laws and anti-bullying statutes in the United States. Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold were both seniors at Columbine High School. On April 20th 1999 these boys committed suicide in the library of their high school after killing thirteen people and injuring twenty-four others. Harris and Klebold were both bullied and actually were bullies themselves. Harris was known to be the “ringleader” of their bullying. The two boys were gamers, particularly players of the game “Doom”. “Doom” was a violent video game and gave them ideas for their planned attack. They began to experiment with pipe bombs and showed videos of their results on the Internet. Since the boys were not old enough to purchase ammunition, they had two men buy guns for the shooting for them. The boys left very detailed plans in their journals for the shooting. They wanted to “outdo” any prior bombing or shooting to this. They wanted the world to know what they were capable of. They used a lot
