a) With reference to the Items and elsewhere, assess the view that the introduction of comprehensive schools has led to "equal opportunity for all". (14 Marks)
a) With reference to the Items and elsewhere, assess the view that the introduction of comprehensive schools has led to "equal opportunity for all". (14 Marks) Equality of opportunity is the idea that anyone, whatever their social class, gender or race can achieve maximum results from the Education System. It can also be seen as the choice of education so that people are able to use the best education available and use it to the best of the individual's ability. It is discussed in Item F, where it is said that the opportunity has not been ensured through underachievement for a number of reasons. There has been evidence that shows children of equal ability have different chances of obtaining the best education for their ability because of their background. Therefore a child's educational success depends on their social class. For example children from a working class family perform worse than is expected from IQ tests. This indicates that social class and background affect achievement and therefore disproves the idea of equal opportunity for all even with the introduction of comprehensive schools. Item G describes the introduction of the comprehensive and the implications of it. One of the main reasons for the introduction of comprehensive schooling was to create equal opportunity for all with mixed ability teaching and through this not reward class background. The
Find out what subjects girls study more in higher education as well as for boys. Why are girls less likely then boys to study science and technology subjects? Create and carry out questionnaires similar to Dale spender research.
Rational "What is considered inherently interesting is knowledge about men. Because men control the records, and the value system, it is generally believed that it is men who have done all the exciting things: it is men who have made history, made discoveries, made inventions and performed feats of skill and courage - according to men. These are the important activities and only men become the curriculum." (Dale Spender 1982) The above quite reflects the findings and attitude of Dale Spender, a female sociologist. She believed that his is the reason why females were underachieving during this time and females were gendered into caring subjects. To remove this gender difference the national curriculum, and programs such as the "Girls into science and technology" was introduced. The national curriculum helped girls under achievement. Today girls are now outperforming boys. However there is still a clear difference in subject choice by gender. Girls still tend to study and take up careers in the arts and social science where as males study science and technological subjects in higher education. I am currently a college student studying A levels in Information communication technology, biology, chemistry and sociology. In my scin3ece and technology subjects I have observed that there is a small female presence in the classroom, but in my sociology classroom the majority of
What were the lives of people like in the 19th century cities?
-------------------------- What were the lives of people like in the 19th century cities? -------------------------- -------------------------- 2003.11.04 -------------------------- Back to back houses were especially built for workers. It was the cheapest solution of living. Basically, back to back houses were houses put together or out in a row, with every house sharing at least one wall. Thank to this the creation of the house was way cheaper both considering the amount of materials and land used. It did not take as much time to build up such house either. The circumstances in the back to back house were, unfortunately, terrible. In a 2-room apartment (almost all apartments had that size) up to four families lived. That was way too much. They had to live very tight, as the house really was for one family. Due to this serious hygienic issues came up. Another problem was the extremely narrow street separating the back to back housing series (following the concept of less land = cheaper). Those streets were very trafficked because of the large amount of workers concentrated in one, small area. Trash was probably the most dangerous and therefore the fundamental problem in the cities during the nineteenth century. Not the fact of it being thrown on the street from the window, but the risk of diseases spreading. Diseases and the large possibility of getting contaminated
An Investigation into Primary School Physical Education
An Investigation into Primary School Physical Education Introduction This report will provide a concise investigation into the developmental stages of physical education. Whilst this assignment will provide an overview of the subject in primary schools at present, it will also go on to investigate into the issue of teaching on a practical basis and also look at how physical education can develop a child. Using the information gathered from primary and secondary research, which was conducted whilst attending a primary school as a six week work placement, the latter stages will provide some critique and offer some recommendations to how physical education can be improved or developed in the future. After experiencing physical education at all academic levels, I was very interested in researching into the primary stages of the subject as I understand it to be the most valuable period of learning for any child. This belief is reinforced by the quote that 'it is widely accepted that the younger the child, the more they learn through physical activity' (P.Wetton, 1988). This, although an outdated quote, coincides with the British Heart Foundations opinion that 'learning at an early age is important in establishing good exercise patterns for life' (2004). If taught efficiently, physical education can be very beneficial to a child in terms of their sociological, physical and mental
Constraints of literacy in developing countries
Constraints of literacy in developing countries Poverty and illiteracy go hand in hand. Majority of the illiterate women live in countries with increasing economic difficulties and enormous debt burdens. The existence of multiple causes such as discrimination and deprivation against the female population is easily revealed (E. Malmaquist, 1992:19-20). Two hypothesis (1) barriers and (2) effects are constraints of literacy. Both will be examined and broken down for better understanding as to why they correlate with education to affect women's development.coge ger segegew orge gek inge foge ge. Several barriers reveal important patterns and trends in women's education in developing countries[1]. Each indicators leads to the same conclusions: the level of female education is low in the poorest countries, with just a handful of exceptions and by any measure the gender gap is largest in these countries.[2]cogg ggr seggggw orgg ggk ingg fogg gg. Literacy Ratescoef efr seefefw oref efk inef foef ef. Literacy is one of the principal goals of education around the world. The ability to read and write is considered almost a basic human right. Yet low literacy rates prevail among women in many developing countries a staggering figure of twenty percent for female adult literacy rate (E. King, etal, 1997: 2). According to Malmquist (1992) women often face practical barriers to their
Examining equality in Education.
Education A major issue within the sociology of education is that of equality, particularly why working class families generally attain less educationally than their middle class peers. The British government has been trying to make the education system of this country a meritocracy since around the start of industrialisation. However, research shows that each new policy introduced has failed families of the lower classes in some way. My aim in this essay is to discuss what extent the education system of this country is a meritocracy. The way I have decided to structure this essay is firstly to look at the history of education in Britain, then to examine attempts to make educational attainment equally achievable for each and every individual, regardless of gender, race or class. I will then look at some of the problems faced by families of the lower classes and also give some possible reasons for the failure of each new policy and finally to conclude with some criticisms aimed at the education system as a whole. In 1870, the Forster Education Act made the state responsible for elementary education and in 1880 schooling became compulsory for all children up to the age of 10. Prior to this, the only type of education available was private and so came at a cost. This was usually only affordable by the upper and middle classes. There were many factors contributing to the
Match Girls Sources Questions
The Matchgirls' strike Question 1: Study Source A What can you learn from Source A about the grievances of the Match Girls in 1888? Source A is taken from a newspaper article written by Annie Besant. It was published in 'The Link'; a magazine, which campaigned for better working conditions. The article gives an insight into the working conditions in factories. To get first-hand information, she interviewed matchgirls at the Fairfeild Works (The factory). The employees' complaints were based in four areas; physical and verbal abuse, dangerous working conditions, low wages and fines. Their grievances about low wages and fines was the fact that the matchgirls were earning 4 to 8 shillings a week; this is the equivalent to 20 to 40p. Fines were deducted from their wages if the girls have dirty feet or were late for work. There was one employee who was fined 5 shillings, which was about 5 hours of piece-work, for letting a piece of material twist around a machine to save her fingers being cut. The abuse they received was awful; the foreman would hit the girls when he was having a bad day or 'when he was mad'. The girls, as mentioned previously, complained about dangerous conditions in the working environment. The health and Safety standards were shocking, the employees had to dip matches in phosphorous, which is a highly dangerous chemical. They were also force to eat
1) Describe the employment opportunities of women in Britain in 1914?
Assignment One The Home Front ) Describe the employment opportunities of women in Britain in 1914? Woman in Britain in 1914 had several job opportunities and from this period onwards the number of employed women began to rise significantly. This coursework will cover the following points; the kind of work women did, the payment they received and the working conditions under which they worked and chances of progress for women workers. One of the main reasons for these conditions was that most of the governmental departments were dominated by men whilst women were society's stereotypes. The other main factors include the lack of female education on a further degree and Victorian attitudes at that time. The main job in which women were employed was domestic service. Domestic servants worked under deplorable conditions and could not complain as Trade Unions did not exist. These domestic employees often worked long hours and were only granted a half a day break per week, or even a month, off. The payment that they received was not commensurate with the amount of work undertaken. Approximately one million and a half women were hired for an average pay of five to ten pounds per annum. Domestic service attracted so many young girls because the school leaving age was twelve and many went straight in service, hence pay was very low. This profession did not require a high level of
To what extent do feminist theories remain relevant for interpreting gendered patterns of work.
Since the late nineteenth-century feminists have sought equality amongst members of society, in response specifically to women's oppression by men. By noticing this, feminists over the world have united to induce a change to this. Only by spreading their word and through the force of these theories, has women's consciousness about their fate changed. They have been partly responsible for the passing of new laws - for example -to eliminate gender oppression and fundamentally allow women the same rights as men. Although this does not mean that now man and woman are entirely the same or equal, it does however demonstrate that feminism has encouraged some degree of change in societal structure. This has particularly shown in the workplace, with - for example - more women in the labour market and less gendered divisions in jobs. Throughout the course of this essay, I will aim to demonstrate some of the gendered patterns of work - in both the U.S and Britain - in relation to feminist theory. I will also present some of the problems with interpreting employment with this theory, and to do this, I will make some notes on changing masculinities. Mainly in response to industrialisation of the late eighteenth-century - particularly in employment, where men were considered mostly applicable for much of this new work in, for example, manual labour - has liberal feminism emerged. It has
Comment on the strength and weakness of the social security system in Hong Kong
Comment on the strength and weakness of the social security system in Hong Kong Introduction Although Hong Kong is a developed city in the world, there are still many people in HK living under poverty. Most of the poor are the elderly, disabled, single parent family and unemployed. Moreover, the problem is worsening because of the 150 immigrants per day from the mainland China. They cannot live on their own especially in this economic downturn. They need the help from the government to through their hard time. Social security is a form of social welfare provided by the government. It is the societal and collective measure to provide security to people of the community against certain risk in and contingencies of life (e.g. retirement, accidents, misfortune, maternity, illness, death, poverty, disability etc.) It provides both financial and psychological security to people of the community against certain risks or contingencies in life. In the financial aspect, it provides direct cash subsidy. In the psychological aspect, the money may be given to the needy through the social workers who can offer mental support for them. In this paper, I will first briefly describe the key events of development of social security in HK which is the history of the social security system. Then, I will introduce the three models of the system and the scheme under each model of it. Next, I