Examine some of the reasons for the existence of deviant subcultures. Assess the view that gender is the best predictor of crime.
a) Examine some of the reasons for the existence of deviant subcultures Deviant subculture theories are to an extent developed from Merton's strain theory, they see deviance as the product of delinquent group formed because its members feel alienated from main stream society, and form their own values in a subculture, they are largely working class phenomenon's, an example of this would be some form of gang, such as Hispanic gangs in America. Reasons for these formations come from subcultural theorists such as Cohen, and Cloward and Ohlin, mainly focusing on working class males. One reasons is that working class males face adversity in society from a very young age, they face alienation in school on a large scale, the middle class dominated school systems have different norms and values to what they have themselves and to what they have been taught by their families. This builds up frustration as their path to success seems much harder than that of people of a higher social status. This frustration can lead to the formation of a deviant subculture, because the values of a subculture are often the complete opposite of legitimate society. Where normal society values decency and kindness, a subculture values malice and hostility, because the deviant cannot generally achieve monetary success or academic recognition, being part of a gang and becoming part of their behavioural way
Examine the reasons for differences in educational achievement between different ethnic groups
Examine the reasons for differences in educational achievement between different ethnic groups I believe that this is an important issue to consider as research has shown that whilst Afro-Caribbean males are at the very bottom in terms of achievement, West Indian females tend to do even better than white females at GCSE. Sociologists such as Cecil Wright link educational achievement with teacher racism and labelling whilst other sociologists such as Charlotte Brookes link it with cultural deprivation: issues concerned with ethnicity. Ethnic groups contain people who share a common history, custom, identity and in most cases language and religion. The issue of 'differences in educational achievement' is regarded as 'differential educational attainment' which refers to the tendency for some groups to do better than others in terms of educational success. In this essay I aim to examine reasons that cause the differences in educational achievement and how this links to the different ethnic groups. Evidently there is a wide variety of ethnic groups for example; Chinese, Bangladeshi, Indian, Asian and Afro-Caribbean and I wish to centre my focus on the educational achievement of Afro-Caribbean and Asian students. It is evident that Afro-Caribbean pupils do not achieve as well as other ethnic groups as in comparison at degree level, they are at the very bottom, with Chinese at the
Assess whether those from ethnic minorities achieve less in education than those from other ethnic groups
* Assess the view from a sociological perspective that ethnic minorities tend to perform less well in education than other ethnic groups Broadly speaking, research has shown that ethnic minorities tend to do less well than other members of the population. However there are some important variations between and within ethnic groups. Some research has shown that some ethnic minorities are particularly successful. In a study by Mahood 1997, evidence showed that in 1994, the educational qualifications of ethnic minorities had improved considerably. In a study of 5,196 Caribbean and Asians and 2,867 whites, Chinese, African Asians and Indians were better qualified than whites. This supports the Swann report 1985, which found in a survey of five LEA's that Asians did almost as well as whites. Based on data from the government sponsored Youth Cohort Study of 16-19 year olds from 1989 to 1999, it was found that the proportion gaining five or more GCSE's at grade C or above has risen form 32.8% to 47.9% and has risen for each ethnic group. In the 18 year old Youth Cohort Study, the evidence showed that the gap was narrowing in terms of achievement between whites and ethnic minorities. Further findings included that in 2002, Black and Indian ethnic groups were more likely to achieve A/AS levels than whites, and in general, all ethnic minorities were more likely to be in full time
I have decided to base my topic upon police and stereo typing, and whether they treat ethnic minorities differently to white people.
RATIONALE I have decided to base my topic upon police and stereo typing, and whether they treat ethnic minorities differently to white people. The police force's relationship with ethnic minorities are said to be very shaky, and at times reach boiling point. The metropolitan police force has had accusations of institutionalised racism, especially with cases such as Stephen Lawrence. I, however, live in a southern city were such accusations are not as widespread, this could partly be due to rumours that the media covers them up. My aim is to investigate whether specific groups of ethnic minorities feel as if they are being treated differently by the police than white people, and if so to what degree. I will be talking to 16 - 26 year olds as my target audience. I intend to use questionnaires to conduct my research. I am hoping that patterns will emerge so that results can be compared and distinguished. My goal will have been met once I have discovered if different ethnic groups perceive that the police treat them differently. CONTEXT There is a lot of work and evidence, both written and oral, linked to my topic of ethnic groups and their perception of police behaviour. For many critics this is linked to the concept of institutional racism. Carmichael and Hamilton in 1968 described institutional racism as covert, Robert Blauner agreed and saw it as dwelling in 'the
Censorship in 21st century
Censorship in 21st century Censorship is the control of speech and other forms of human expression. In many cases, it is exercised by governing bodies. The visible motive of censorship is often to stabilize or improve the society that the government would have control over. What is censored may range from specific language to entire concepts and it may be influenced by value systems and may cause offence to some social and religious groups. It is most commonly applied to acts that occur in public circumstances, and the reason governments want it is to suppress ideas that may appear violent and immoral that may effect people's opinion of human ways of life, that has been expressed in the media and also influence children to behave in such a manner as this. This has produced controversy to people who believe in the Freedom of information Act, people believe that some things that are being banned are human expressions that should be address to the whole public. In discussing how children and young adults are being effected by this media, they have been considered susceptible to the harmful media of cinema and radio that contains violence, pornography and improper language, creating a moral panic proving that every ounce of child life has been corrupted, making these kids less innocent than they appeared to be before this media was aired. A strong influence would be through
Ethnic minorities remain concentrated in the inner areas of many MEDC cities. Evaluate this statement with reference to specific examples from your studies.
Ethnic Minorities Ethnic minorities remain concentrated in the inner areas of many MEDC cities. Evaluate this statement with reference to specific examples from your studies. (Carr P175-P180 and Independent Review) It can be said that ethnic minorities do remain concentrated in the inner areas of many MEDC cities, as can be seen in the 1991 census data, which shows disproportional numbers of ethnic minorities in London and major cities in the Midlands and the North of England. This can also be seen in the USA but is more significant as ethnic minorities make up a much lager proportion of the population, due to the higher rate of natural increase amongst the Hispanic and Asian segments of the ethnic groups, as well as their continued immigration into the cities. A centre for such cultural diversity in the USA is New York, which has the highest proportion of ethnic minorities amongst its population. The distribution of ethnic minorities around the county is also similar with the UK and USA for example most black people are concentrated in the north of the USA and most Hispanic people are concentrated to the South and the West Coast. Ethnic minorities have always traditionally been concentrated in central areas ever since the first wave of immigration in 1948-1968 where they left the unemployment and poverty in their own country to look for work in semi skilled low paid
Changes in the social structure of education and its impact on class and gender inequalities
CHANGES IN THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION AND THE IMPACT ON CLASS AND GENDER INEQUALITIES Social structures are constructed frameworks of institutions within a social group that shape their members' behaviours and identities. The social context of our lives is not just a series of random events but is patterned in distinct ways and regulates the way we behave and how we develop relationships with one another. Knowledge of social structures and processes, whether they are economic, political, educational, military or religious, makes us aware of the forces that shape our lives and enable us to resist them or set about changes. The organisations and activities of these structures become the norms for our society. Every structure of society will have a relationship between that structure and social divisions and inequalities within society. Social divisions are defined as "substantial social differences between two or more categories of people" (Payne, G, 2006, p. 3). Divisions can overlap and interrelate and can consist of material and cultural differences. Since World War II reforms and political strategies have been put in place to attempt to provide more equality in our society but have they succeeded or simply heightened social inequality? Education is an important issue as it is through education that children learn the common values in their society,
The Struggle for Emancipation of Women Describe and compare the progress made to secure rights for women (Economically, educationally, legally, politically, etc.) between 1870 and 1900)
The Struggle for Emancipation of Women Describe and compare the progress made to secure rights for women (Economically, educationally, legally, politically, etc.) between 1870 and 1900) Before 1870 Women's education depended on their class. If you were born into an Upper or Middle class family a Governess would have tutored you privately, while Working class women might of gone to a Sunday school to learn the basics of reading and writing. Women didn't need an education before 1870 as they wouldn't need to work unless if you were Working class, and also because a women's opinion never mattered, they had to sit there and look pretty. There were many changes after 1870, such as Elementary, Public and Universities were being founded. All children, both boys and girls, were made to go to elementary school till the age of 9. Also the Universities and Colleges such as the Cheltenham Ladies College were a break through in women's education. These new laws Guaranteed education of Middle and Working Class women. Women started to think for themselves after this but sexism was still there, it was an improvement but wasn't a huge improvement. The Elementary schools may of given opportunities to the lower classes but these were largely overcrowded and they had to leave at the age of 9, which doesn't help them much as at this age they were still too young for jobs. There was progress
Outline and assess Marxist explanations of crime and deviance.
Julie Wilcox Outline and assess Marxist explanations of crime and deviance. In looking at the Marxist explanation of crime and deviance one must also look to the non-sociologist explanations and those of other different groups in order to come to an informed view of the subject. The non-sociologist definition of crime and deviance would be that deviance is uncommon behaviour, something that offends the morals or the majority of society, without being harmful or serious enough to be criminal. Whereas a criminal act is an act which causes harm to someone else enough to warrant a decision-maker passing a law which forbids the act. The Marxist theory in general splits society in half, the rich and the poor. With the poor being exploited by the rich. This theory appears to be the basis for all Marxist perspective including the Marxist explanations of crime and deviance. Karl Marx stated that crime was the product of poverty and the traditional Marxist view regarding the cause of crime amongst the working classes is competition and the desire to acquire wealth. The working class people want the 'things' that they see the middle classes with but they cant afford them so they resort to stealing. The explanation of the cause of the majority of crime is given as the people fighting back against the oppression of a corrupt capitalist society. According to the Marxist
Examine the differences between the birth and death rate in the 1900s
January 2009 Examine the differences in the Birth and Death rates in the UK since the 1900s... The term Birth Rate, is given to the number of live births of the population per thousand. Over the past century, the birth rate has been declining in Britain, from 28 per 1,000 to about 11 per 1,000 in 2005. This means the average household size has decreased from about 6 children per family in the 1870s to around 1.8 per family in 2004. This is due to more effective contraception as well as it being more affordable and due to society's attitudes to the use of contraception have changed making it more socially acceptable, this partly to do with the growth of secularization and the declining influence of the church. Also due to the legalisation of abortions in 1967, the termination of unwanted pregnancies has become easier. Another would be the introduction of compulsory education for children from 1880 due to the laws on children working; this resulted in children being less of an economic asset that could contribute to the income and welfare of the family. Children have therefore become an economic liability band a drain on parental resources because the parents have to support their children through compulsory education and often post 16, therefore parents tend to limit their family size so that they are able to secure a higher standard of living for themselves and their
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