Analysis Of Commercial Vitamin C Tablets
Experiment 5 Date: 18-10-2005 Analysis Of Commercial Vitamin C Tablets Objective To determine the mass of Vitamin C in 1 pill of Vitamin C tablet. Introduction In this experiment, the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution is not given. So, we need to standardize it through titration. Sodium thiosulphate reacts with iodine in the following reaction: I2 + 2S2O32- ----------------->2I- + S4O62- After an amount of S2O32- is added, the solution of I2 turns pale yellow. When starch solution is added and more S2O32- is added, the solution reaches its end point, which is colorless. In this way, the molarity of the thiosulphate solution is determined. Vitamin C could be oxidized by iodine in the presence of acid in the following equation: Due to the low solubility of iodine, direct titration of iodine solution and Vitamin C is unsuitable. Then how could the experiment be done? The experiment could be done by adding acidified Vitamin C solution into potassium iodide solution. Then, we add potassium iodate to allow the following reaction to take place: IO3- + 5I- + 6H+ ----------------> 3I2 + 3H2O I2 formed in this reaction could react with the Vitamin C in as mentioned in the above equation. The I2 not yet reacted would then be titrated against thiosulphate solution, like the first equation, to determine its amount. This method is a kind of back titration. It is
Equality diversity and rights in health and social care
Level 3 - Unit 2 Equality diversity and rights in health and social care P1 - explain the concepts of equality diversity and rights in relation to health and social care. Introduction In a health and social care environment equality diversity and rights are essential to ensure everyone is prune to having rights and has the right to be treated equally no matter their race age or sex and also to be accepted and respected. Diversity The concept of diversity encompasses acceptance and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognising our individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio- economic status, age physical abilities, religious beliefs etc. It is the exploration of these differences in a safe positive and nurturing environment. It is about understanding each other and moving beyond simple tolerance to embracing and celebrating the rich dimensions of diversity within each individual. Examples Genders - In the past men had more rights than women and were seen as more important. Women still earn less than men for similar work and find difficulty in breaking through the 'glass ceiling' to the most senior positions at work. There are far more derogatory terms, such as 'slag', used to describe women than men. Culture - All of us have a cultural background - activities,
Equality, diversity and rights in health and social care
BTEC National Diploma Health And Social Care Unit 2 Equality, diversity and rights in health and social care Assignment 3 Georgina reed Introduction In this assignment I will be describing how anti discriminatory practice is promoted in health and social care settings. I will be discussing difficulties that may arise when implementing anti discriminatory practice in health and social care. Last I will justify ways of overcoming difficulties that may arise when implementing anti discriminatory practices in health and social care settings. P5 Within the health and social care sector it is important that people understand and promote anti discriminatory practice. There are various ways of how they can challenge discriminatory issues and practices. One of the ways in which a carer can promote anti discriminatory practice is to always treat patients/residents the same (equal).another element of active promotion of anti discriminatory practice is to provide active support consist with peoples beliefs, culture and preferences of the individual. Active support encourages individuals to do as much for themselves as possible, to maintain their independence and physical ability. It encourages people with disabilities to maximise their own potential and independence. In the health and social care environment you should never treat anyone different compared to others. M3 When
In what ways and to what extent does the concept of Spain's Golden Age apply more specifically to the reign of Philip II than to the whole period 1474 - 1598?
In what ways and to what extent does the concept of Spain's Golden Age apply more specifically to the reign of Philip II than to the whole period 1474 - 1598? Justify your answer by reference to the similarities and differences you detect between the periods before and after the accession of Philip in 1556 The concept of a Golden Age is a highly contested issue among modern and contempory historians. There is debate over the dates of such an age, or even its existence at all. Working on the assumption that a golden age occurred in some form, to deduce whether it was more specifically under Philip's reign, we must look at the condition of Spain in key areas before and after Philip's accession in 1556. If differences arise a judgement must be made on whether they were an improvement for Spain, or signify a decline. The keys issues include religion, the military, territory, the economy, law and order and the organisation of government. The Golden Age over all should be the period where most of these concerns have reached their peak. The point of entry into the Golden Age in terms of the army is complex, and depends on the definition, i.e. whether it is the number of troops or their individual skills, loyalty and motivation which determines it. In the period 1525 - 1536, the army was highly thought of and comprised of members of the aristocracy fighting for social pride and
Investigation of Some of the Properties of a Pair of Cis-Trans Isomers
Experiment18 Aim To determination the partition coefficient of ethanoic acid between water and butan-2-ol. Procedure . The room temperature was recorded. 2. 15cm3 of the given aqueous ethanoic acid and 15cm3 of butan-2-ol were poured into a 100cm3 separating funnel, using suitable apparatus. The funnel was stoppered and was shook vigorously for 1 to 2 minutes. (The pressure in the funnel was released by occasionally opening the tap.) 3. 10cm3 of each layer was separated approximately. (The fraction near the junction of the two layers was discarded.) 4. 10.0cm3 of the aqueous layer was pipetted into a conical flask and was titrated with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein. 5. Using another pipette, 10.0 cm3 of the alcohol layer was delivered into a conical flask and was titrated with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution. 6. Steps (2) to (5) was repeated with another separating funnel using the following volume: 25cm3 of aqueous ethanoic acid and 15cm3 of butan-2-ol 7. For each experiment, the ratio of the concentration of ethanoic acid in the aqueous layer to that in the butan-2-ol layer was calculated. Result Room temperature: 29? Volume of butan-2-ol: 15 cm3 Volume of 0.2M ethanoic acid / cm3 Volume of 0.1M NaOH titre for aqueous layer / cm3 Volume of 0.1M NaOH titre for alcohol layer / cm3 Partition coefficient K= 5 0.00 2.55 0.796 25
Investigation on whether Rubber obeys Hooke's Rule
Investigation on whether Rubber obeys Hooke's Rule Plan Introduction Hooke's Rule states that extension of a material is proportional to the tension force applied to it unless the elastic limit is reached, which is the point at which the material no longer obeys Hooke's Rule. There are only a few materials that obey this rule. In this investigation, we will find out whether rubber obeys Hooke's Rule. We will measure in detail the way in which the extension of a rubber band depends on the tension in the band. This will be done by applying various amounts of weights, as it is a continual variation. Hooke's Rule = F = ke * F = Force in Newtons * k = Spring constant * e = Extension in Centimetres Rubber is a natural polymer which is made up of long chains of molecules which are bent back and forth with weak forces acting between them. As the rubber band is stretched, molecules straighten out and allow the rubber band to become larger. Eventually, as the molecules become fully stretched, the long chains will become parallel to each other and can stretch up to ten times its original length. Extra force will make the rubber band break. If the rubber is not stretched to breaking, once the force is removed the molecules tend to curl back again into their original position because of the attraction and cross-links between adjacent molecules. The return is elastic. Hypothesis I
Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering
Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering Introduction The first step to understanding genetic engineering and embracing its possibilities for society is to obtain a rough knowledge base of its history and method. The basis for altering the evolutionary process is dependant on the understanding of how individuals pass on characteristics to their offspring. Genetics achieved its first foothold on the secrets of nature's evolutionary process when an Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel developed the first "laws of heredity." Using these laws, scientists studied the characteristics of organisms for most of the next one hundred years following Mendel's discovery. These early studies concluded that each organism has two sets of character determinants, or genes. For instance, in regards to eye colour, a child could receive one set of genes from his or her father that were encoded one blue, and the other brown. The same child could also receive two brown genes from his or her mother. The conclusion for this inheritance would be the child has a three in four chance of having brown eyes, and a one in four chance of having blue. Genes are transmitted through chromosomes which reside in the nucleus of every living organism's cells. Each chromosome is made up of fine strands of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. The information carried on the DNA determines the cells function within the organism.
Promoting The Rights And Responsibilities Of Service Users In Care Settings
AO1: Promoting The Rights And Responsibilities Of Service Users In Care Settings Task 1C: What difficulties or tension might arise between the rights and responsibilities in a care setting such as Queensland? Include: * Balancing people's rights against their responsibilities. * Balancing the needs of people who use service with the availability resources. * Role boundaries. * Legal requirements. * Tension between organisational policies and service user's needs. * Tension within individuals. * Tension between service user and care workers. * Tension between service user and the organisation. Balancing people's rights against their responsibilities Maintaining a balance of rights and responsibilities is essential to constructing and preserving a good relationship between the service user and care worker. In a Balanced rights and responsibilities one person does not overpower another, and so that they can be clear about how they should distribute power. Balancing rights and responsibilities together can be very difficult for care workers and the service users and can also build tensions. All service users in Queensland have a right to be treated equally, along with their right it is care workers responsibility to provide equal care for the service users. Service users have a responsibility towards those who are offering the service. They also have rights. Balancing
Properties of Waves.
Properties of Waves There are many different waves including water, sound, light and radio waves. All waves have the same range of properties, they can all be reflected, refracted, totally internally reflected, diffracted or interfere with each other. Waves are repeated oscillations (vibrations) which transfer energy from one place to another. Sound energy in the atmosphere is transferred by the oscillation of air molecules. Movement energy in water waves is transferred by the oscillation of water molecules. Amplitude is the measure of the energy carried by it. Frequency (f) is the number of complete wave cycles per second and is measured in Hertz (Hz). Wavelength (?) is the distance between two successive peaks or troughs and is measured in metres, m. Reflection Light waves travel in straight lines but reflecting them using mirrors can alter their direction. Reflection is the bouncing off of any type of wave from a surface. Reflection can be used to guide a laser past obstacles to a receiver. Shiny surfaces such as mirrors are smooth so reflect all light strongly as all the waves pass in one direction only. Rough surfaces look dull as they reflect light in many different directions causing it to scatter. This is called diffuse reflection. If light waves are reflected, the colour of the surface affects the colour of the reflected ray. Concave surfaces are used
The potential of e-commerce
E-commerce Britain is turning into a dot.com nation. By 2001 over 10 million homes had access to the Internet compared with 6 million the year before. Also, many people access the Internet through cyber cafés and schools, colleges and universities. In recent years, more and more people (specifically the young) have turned to e commerce. Retailers simply cannot afford to ignore these developments. However, not all retailers are equally well placed to take advantage of this changing environment for trade. Recent events have demonstrated that selling via the Internet is not a guaranteed success for all companies. Some Internet ventures have collapsed even though billions of pounds were spent on trying to build the brands. These examples include: * Boo.com, an on-line fashion and sports clothes retailer, which failed despite having £12million ploughed into creating awareness of it. * Webvan, which soaked up £700 million in an attempt to create a large-scale retailing chain in the USA. Webvan had to file for bankruptcy. Other companies are 'hanging in there', but have yet to make a profit. They struggle largely because they required an existing brand presence and needed to create one. Doing so is a long and expensive drag. The potential of e commerce E-commerce is seen as a major area of development over the next few years and virtually every well-known retailer is
