An investigation to find the lowest temperature that kills all the yeast cells in a suspension of either dried or fresh baker's yeast

An investigation to find the lowest temperature that kills all the yeast cells in a suspension of either dried or fresh baker's yeast. The aim of this investigation is to determine at what exact temperature all the yeast cells in a 10% suspension die with no interference from other factors which may affect the results. As shown in my appendix I am looking for when the decline part of the mixtures metabolic state is absolutely 0. (ref. appendix 1) Bakers yeast is a species of yeast formally known as Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. It is eukaryotic and its key metabolic process under normal conditions used in producing cellular energy required is aerobic respiration. When a yeast cell respires aerobically alike human tissue cells sugar (glucose/sucrose) and oxygen are used and produce along with energy (ATP) the waste products of water and carbon dioxide.(1) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O A main use for yeast is its ability to produce alcohol (ethanol) from sugar during anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration is commonly known as fermentation and occurs only when there is no oxygen present. When Yeast cells respire anaerobically they produce energy (ATP), alcohol and carbon dioxide.(2) C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Microbes such as yeast have optimal temperatures within which they work most efficiently, the reason for this is that the enzymes within the yeast cell are the

  • Word count: 2171
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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Forms of Company

This document was downloaded from Coursework.Info - The UK's Coursework Database - http://www.coursework.info/ Forms of Company Introduction Labuan is part of Malaysia, and Malaysian company law applies there. Most foreign companies wanting offshore status in Labuan will use Offshore Company or Limited Partnership status, see below. These offshore forms are subject to Malaysian Company law except as described below. Regular Malaysian companies can be used in Labuan, but will not receive the tax and other privileges accorded to Offshore Companies. Generally, companies incorporated in Malaysia are regulated by the Malaysian Companies Act, 1965. The types of companies are: * a company limited by shares, which can be private or public; * branch of a foreign company; * partnership or sole proprietorship. Foreign investors normally conduct their businesses in Malaysia in the form of a private company limited by shares. Incorporation of a company requires an application to be made to the Registrar of Companies to approve the proposed name by submitting the following forms: . Memorandum and Articles of Association 2. Statutory declaration of compliance with the Companies Act 3. Certificate of identity 4. Consent to act as director 5. Statutory declaration by persons before appointments as directors Companies pay registration fees based on the amount of

  • Word count: 2171
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Business Studies
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Unit 32 D3 Evaluate how selected retailers have met their social, ethical, and environmental and co-operate social responsibilities

D3 Evaluate how selected retailers have met their social, ethical, and environmental and co-operate social responsibilities This report will evaluate how selected retailers have met their social, ethical, and environmental and co-operate social responsibilities with Tesco plc and the co-operatives. Social Vicky redwood, chief UK economist, capital economics say’s “health, DIY and home maintenance which attract a large share of elderly households’ budgets” this indicates that Vicky is saying that focusing what elderly people spend on such as medicines/supplements for health, DIY and home maintenance should benefit retailer such as Tesco plc and the co-operative are responding to these aspects of social changes in the economy by providing easy access in to their stores, as elderly consumers need assistance to do their shopping. Tesco plc offers mobility scooters to consumers that have trouble walking for a long time and offer close parking places for elderly consumers and also products such as medicines/supplements for health, DIY and home maintenance. And in the co-operative offer flat surfaces and rails for stores that have stairs and the co-operatives sell medicines within their stores. This indicates that Tesco plc and the co-operatives are meeting their standards as it these are effective as it allows elderly consumers to purchase goods from their stores.

  • Word count: 2171
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Business Studies
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In what ways, if at all, might it be said that democracy ensures power by the people, for the people?

SSCPL2080 Power and Decision-Making in Britain. In what ways, if at all, might it be said that democracy ensures power by the people, for the people? Rachael Fowler-251152 The word 'Democracy' derives from the ancient Greek words 'demos' and 'kratos' with a modern translation of rule by the people. Democracy as a word and concept is often contested in today's day and age as Bernard Crick states 'Democracy is perhaps the most promiscuous word in the world of public affairs' (Crick, 1962). Robertson also argues quite similarly stating that ' Democracy is the most valued and also the vaguest of political terms in the modern world.'(Robertson,1986). Due to the early Greek writings 5th century Athenians formed a 'direct' form of democracy where every citizen was given the right to vote. It was this form of democracy that inspired the democracy that we have come to adopt in Western Europe .But who truly exercises power in the UK is democracy that 'ensures power by the people, for the people' or does democracy ensure power to the elites? A pluralist view of democracy derives from a classic liberal way of thinking and is often called liberal democracy. Pluralism is the belief 'in diversity or choice, or the theory that political power should be widely and evenly dispersed.'(Heywood,1998) The pluralist model power is truly ' by the people for the people' as power is exercised

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Phylogenetic tree - in 1866, Ernst Haeckel introduced the phylogenetic tree, or the tree of life. Until now, the theory about the existence of tree of life is still strong in most people thought. But in fact, is this the phylogenetic tree really exist? If

Universal phylogenetic tree In 1859, when Darwin published his most famous book: Origin of Life, it started the era of the theory of evolution. As we know, Darwinism proposes that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called NATURAL SELECTION. According to that theory, life developed from a single common ancestor and evolved gradually into a multitude of different species through the chain of small changes under the varying environment condition. That means the differences between species and the increasing complexity in the organism must occur in parallel over time. In short, life must be like a tree, with a common root and then split into many different branches. Thus, in 1866, Ernst Haeckel introduced the phylogenetic tree, or the tree of life. Until now, the theory about the existence of tree of life is still strong in most people thought. But in fact, is this the phylogenetic tree really exist? If not, is Darwin wrong? The key point for the theory of the tree of life is homology. In 1848, Richard Owen introduce the term Homology to refer the structural similarities between two species that is not functionally necessary. According to Darwin, there are the structural similarities between species because they had all descended from their

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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Investigating factors affecting the heat of combustion of alcohols.

Robert Stewart Investigating factors affecting the heat of combustion of alcohols PLANNING SECTION Introduction Alcohols are organic substances, and consist of Hydrogen, Oxygen and Carbon. All alcohols are toxic but the amount that can be tolerated by the human body varies for different alcohols. For example drinking small amounts of Methanol can lead to blindness and even death. Ethanol is the only alcohol that can be drunk safely and is found in all alcoholic drinks. Throughout this investigation I am going to investigate to different factors that affect the breakdown of an alcohol. e.g. Methane (HCO) + Oxygen (O2) Carbon dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O) Aim I am going to investigate increasing the chain length and see what effect there is on the heat of combustion. Preliminary Work The point of preliminary work is to find out what things that I should vary and keep constant. For my preliminary work I used computer software called Focus Science Investigation 2. This software enables you to simulate experiments. This means that I am able to quickly carry out experiments to help in planning for my investigation. Alcohol Temperature Increase (oC) Mass of burner before exp. (g) Mass of burner after exp. (g) Change in mass (g) Methanol 20 70.00 67.08 2.92 Ethanol 20 70.00 67.77 2.23 Propan-1-ol 20 70.00 68.03 .97 Butan-1-ol 20 70.00 68.16 .84

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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Right equation

Which equation is correct? The task set is to prove or disapprove which of the two equation is correct by thermally decomposing CuCo3 and analysing the two possible oxide formed. Equation 1: 2CuCO3 ----> CuO(s) + 2CO2 (g) + 1/2O2 (g) Equation 2: 2CuCO3 ----> CuO(s) + CO2 (g) In order to do this we need to call upon previous knowledge about the mole. The key idea involved in solving this problem is collecting a volume of gas by performing safe and fair test. One mole of gas at room temperature occupies a volume of 24dm³(litres). This is importing in information as when conducting the experiment in a classroom we have to scale it down. If we tired to prove the equation as they stood about, used one mole of Copper Carbonate and just did the above practical for this experiment, in theory we would collect 24dm³ of carbon dioxide gas and that would make way to much gas can I wouldn't be able to find a apparatus to collect it all. We would then need to ensure that first and for most we had a big enough vessel or continuer to collect the gas in. therefore I need to use less CuCO3 to produce less gas. "At room temperature, 25?C and atmospheric pressure at 1 atmosphere 1 mole of any gas will occupy a volume of 24dm³ Thermal decomposition is a chemical reaction where a single compound breaks up into two or simpler compound or elements when heated. It is also an endothermic

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: English
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Industrial Change in South Wales The Reasons for the Original Location of the Iron and Steel Industry in South Wales

Industrial Change in South Wales The Reasons for the Original Location of the Iron and Steel Industry in South Wales Since it was first established in the 18th and 19th century, the iron and steel industry has changed its location in South Wales. The earlier location of this industry in the area was along the northern edge of the South Wales coalfield where there were readily obtainable supplies of the raw materials required for iron and steel production. These are coking coal and blackband iron ore, which were both easily available from the valley floors and sides of the Welsh mountains and were often found within close proximity of each other, meaning the area was very suitable for industrial development. Also, limestone was required, which could be easily obtained from only a few kilometres north of the site. For this reason a line of steel towns grew up in the valleys of this area, where the coal could be extracted from under the valley floors and transportation of limestone was much easier. These included Dowlais, Merthyr Tydfil and Ebbw Vale. By the 1860's there were over 35 iron and steel works operating in the Welsh valleys. These industries produced a large amount of steel, which could then be transported overland to ports on the South Wales coast, where it was exported to an expanding overseas market. However, towards the end of the 18th century the large

  • Word count: 2171
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Geography
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An Immense Career.

BRIAN FERGEL Dr. P. Reuben English 2210 3/11/2002 An Immense Career Career Willa Cather, American novelist and short-story writer, was born Willela Sibert Cather on 7 December 1873, in Back Creek Valley, Virginia, near Winchester. At nine years of age, in 1883, her family moved to Red Cloud, Nebraska. Many of her novels were set in Red Cloud. She attended the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, and graduated in 1895. She spent a few years after college working on a newspaper, and then worked an editorial job at the magazine Home Monthly in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She then wrote reviews for the Pittsburgh Leader. In 1903, she published a book of poetry, April Twilights, and she moved to New York City in 1904. She met Edith Lewis the same year, whom she later shares an apartment with in 1908, and they live together until her death (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia). Next, she taught high school in Pittsburgh in 1895, then moved to NY City to work on the editorial staff of McClure's magazine in 1906 (Crane: 218, 256). Ultimately, she saved McClure's magazine from financial disaster, after she became managing editor (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia). In 1908, she befriends Sarah Orne Jewett, an inspiration for Cather's later works (Crane, 198). Cather is most widely recognized for her chronicles of western pioneer America. She won the Pulitzer Prize in 1925 for One

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Media Studies
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Thomas Hardy - analysis of three poems. Afterwards, During wind and rain and After a journey.

English Literature: ASSIGNMENT G 'Afterwards' An epitaph is an inscription upon a tomb, in few verses for the casual observer to read carefully. It is usually carved in stone and is very synthetic. The Elegy is much more lengthy than an epitaph. The two genres differ not only in lengths, but also in subject matter, since the epitaph is a 'report' concerning the deceased, the elegy is an expression of 'mourners'' sorrow. As for the setting and space, the epitaph is part of a spatial monument, the elegy of a temporal ritual. Epitaphs are normally about the deeds and qualities of a particular deceased person and they claim our attention; whereas funeral elegies are about the thoughts and feelings of those who mourn. "Afterwards" has an elegiac quality and embodies numerous sensory impressions and language used is emblematic of Hardy's style. It is mostly complex in meaning. Rhythm, rhyme and punctuation, not only give an appropriately solemn, funereal quality to the poem, but these also guide the reader to the final climax of the poem 'Till they rise again, as they were a new bell's boom'. As with many other poems, the structure gives a sense of diminuendo; from 'Present' to 'Future' or to even 'eternity' as implied by the former verse. The poem opens with an image of the personified 'Present' that 'latches' behind the speaker. Hardy uses the word 'postern' which probably is

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: English
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