Outline and Evaluate one biological therapy and one psychological therapy for schizophrenia

Outline and evaluate one biological therapy for schizophrenia and one psychological therapy for schizophrenia. (8 marks + 16 marks) A01 The main type of drug therapy for schizophrenia are antipsychotic drugs.They are considered the most effective because they allow the patient to function in society to a reasonable extent and feel like they have abit more control.Antipsychotic drugs can come in many forms , one being typical drugs like Chloropiazine where it is believed that schizophrenia is caused by the neurotransmitter dopamine so the drugs attach to the dopamine receptors so they isnt as much dopamine in the syynapse which reduces the positive symptoms like delusions and hallunications.There are also atypical drugs like clorapine which avoid some of the side effects as the old drugs by controlling serotonin levels aswell. There is supporting evidence for this e.g Julien which found that neuroleoptics are effective in relieving positive symptoms and allow patients to be able to live outside insitutional care.This suggests that antipsychotic are effective to an certain extent in allowing schizophrenia sufferers to be able to try and live a normal life. But antipsyhotics arent effective treatment for schizophrenia because it doesnt relieve negative symptoms of schizophrenia which are the symptoms that would prevent from socializing effectively in first place. A limitation

  • Word count: 629
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Psychology
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Unmasking Anxiety with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Unmasking Anxiety with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy It is not that uncommon that an individual may be late for work. They might begin to rush, and perhaps forget something at home that they needed. They may beat themselves up all day for having put themselves in that position. This scenario reflects typical anxiety. It is a normal reaction to stress by the body, but for some, it can become a chronic disorder. There are many treatments for this disorder, including prescriptions drugs, behavioral therapy, and even homeopathic remedies. Compared to these alternatives, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the most effective long-term treatment for anxiety. There is a line between experiencing stress due to a difficult situation, and having a crippling disorder. Individuals with anxiety who wish to be treated must seek psychiatric assistance through self-help programs or doctors. Anxiety is a disorder that is often found hand in hand with depression, both of which can improve with treatment. Often times, many people do not recognize that there are different classes of anxiety disorders. Five major types of anxiety disorders include Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Panic Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD), and Social Phobia (SAD), which is also known as Social Anxiety Disorder (NIMH). These types of anxiety range from the

  • Word count: 4988
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Psychology
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Cancer Therapy and Pathophysiology

Cancer is defined as a medical disorder characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells beyond normal limits, followed by invasion from adjacent tissues. It is spread to other body parts by lymph or blood through metastasis. The division of cancerous cells progresses from initiation and promotion till formation of malignant tumors. The diagrammatic representation of formation of cancer cells in the body is shown below: Source: Adapted from www.medicalbook.com/cancers. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CANCER: Cell growth is systematic process which has balance between growth of new cells and death of old ones. However, cancerous cells creates imbalance of the normal mechanism and causes excessive growth. Carcinogenesis causes derangement of division of cells due to damage of DNA. Proto-oncogenes, responsible for cell growth are impaired in carcinogenesis due to mutations. Proto-oncogenes become over expressed to cause excessive uncontrolled cell growth. Additionally, Tumor suppressor genes which become active during dell repair, also gets deactivated during mutagenesis caused by cancer and the ability to repair DNA gets witched off. Mutations to proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are the main patho-physiological causes of cancer and multiple tumors. Substances which initiate mutations and DNA damage in the human body are termed as mutagens or carcinogens. These mutagens are

  • Word count: 2994
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Medicine and Dentistry
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Biology Reseach Project - Is Hormone Replacement Therapy safe?

Is hormone replacement therapy good for you? Menopause affects most women, with its peak occurring during the 50-60's. This is the time that the menstrual cycle ceases and symptoms indicating hormonal imbalance start to occur; including hot flushes, fainting etc. To combat these symptoms many women are entitled to turn to the use of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT). HRT is the use of synthetic hormones which is aimed to correct any hormonal imbalance which women may experience and reduce any persistent symptoms. However with its risks HRT also has some potential hazards on women. There is the issue to whether HRT provides more risks than benefits. It is known that HRT has a good effect on women's health in terms of enabling them to continue healthy lives after menopause; HRT is also known to cut down osteoporosis. However there are a wide range of hazards that it imposes especially with prolonged use, such as being the greatest contributing risk factor for the development of many breast cancers. HRT has also been identified as a risk factor for cardiac events and heart attacks; this is already showing that the potential hazards already weigh up to more than the benefits. Figure 1 There are many studies which indicate that HRT has a hazardous effect on women. These studies range between different areas of medicine. In the 1990's a large study was done by

  • Word count: 2584
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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Gene Therapy

The Impact of Science on Gene Therapy Science is the modern world's most essential asset. Most of our lives today revolve around science and technology, and without either, we would not be able to function in today's world. For instance, science has transformed old-age farming methods into high-tech genetically modifying methods that are greatly assisting today's farmers. Science has also made reproduction for women suffering from infertility and birth complications possible by providing aid in the form of 'test tube babies' and surrogacy. Another major step that science has taken comes in the form of Gene Therapy. 'Replacement' and 'modification' are the most commonly used terms associated with Gene Therapy. Defective genes are either replaced, added to, or modified using DNA injections, or genetic engineering techniques to correct segments of DNA and genetic material so that it may act as a cure for patients that have defective genes or inherited defects. Gene Therapy allows scientists to medically replace defective genes, or medically add to normal genes to living cells in the hopes of correcting or remedying a genetic defect. Gene therapy allows doctors, with the help of scientists, to cure genetically caused conditions by the insertion of corrective genes (Clay Farris). There are plenty of advantages that come from the use of gene therapy which will prove to be

  • Word count: 3438
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: Biology
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Explain key characteristics and concepts of Humanistic Therapy, Psychodynamic therapy & Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy

Lisa Chinnery Unit 2 1.1 Explain key characteristics and concepts of Humanistic Therapy, Psychodynamic therapy & Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy Humanistic Therapy The foundations of the humanistic approach provide the client with a deeper understanding of who they are, what they feel and the opportunity to explore the possibility of creating personal choices. It encourages self-awareness and self-realisation. Humanistic therapy is used for anxiety, low self-esteem, bereavement, depression, stress management, loss or relationship issues. The key characteristics are; Congruence – Genuineness, the counsellor shows honesty and openness toward the client, not putting on a front, they are equals. Empathy – Accepting the client for who they are, not judging them them whatever they say or do will allow the client to open up. Unconditional Positive Regard – Putting ourselves in the clients shoes, if the client feels, we are right there with them and know how they are feeling it will help them along the way, knowing that they are not alone with how they are feeling and where they are in their mind. Environment – A safe environment is needed for the client to open up and carry on along their journey, they should be seen in a secure, private, comfortable space that allows them the freedom to open up without the worry of outside influences. Also, that their sessions are

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Healthcare
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complementary therapy

Introduction In this assignment I am going to discuss the factors which may either deter or influence complementary therapy. Complementary therapy is a natural therapy which is used instead of orthodox medication; there are many different reasons to why individuals may chose to use their own remedies and therapies. The factors that I will be discussing include the following * Geographical * Social-economics/cost of CT * Cultural * Education * Referrals * Perception Physical factors Many individuals may experience many physical factors such as pain and mobility problems, some individuals may feel that taking orthodox medicines such as paracetamol may not be the best pain relief or option available. Different people may encounter different side effects from taking medicines therefore they may choose natural alternatives such as massages and acupuncture, this influences therapies such as these as pain can be eliminated naturally without any side effects. However individuals may feel that therapies may not be the best option as you may have to have several treatments before the problem is treated, secondly individuals may use orthodox methods as the pain their experiencing many go away much quicker. Mobility is a factor that can either promote or hinder an individual's access to complementary therapy for example due to an individuals mobility they may be unable to

  • Word count: 899
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Healthcare
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Complementary Therapy Treatments

Complementary Therapy Complementary therapy treatments ) What is Feng Shui? Feng Shui is a complex body knowledge that balances the energies of any given space to assure the health and good fortune for people inhabiting it. Feng Shui theory says that there are bad and good energy flows and can be reduced or increased depending on the way the place is decorated and the way the furniture is laid out in the room. Feng Shui is based on understanding the nature, particularly on the idea that the land is alive and filled with energy. What is the treatment process for Feng Shui? The treatment process involves decorating your home so as to create a vibrant feeling of joy and harmony to each individual to stop the bad energy flowing or to let the bad energy get out through the doors or windows so it does not affect people living in the house. Windows are called the eyes of the home in Feng Shui and are related, on an energy level, to your ability to see clearly in life. When would you use Feng Shui? Feng Shui is used to promote deep relaxation and to increase energy, removing energy blocks and also reducing stress. We can learn to live in harmony with nature and use the flow of energies within it to our advantage. And what that really means to you is that the use of Feng Shui can help you take control of your life and be the best that you possibly can be. 2) What is

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Healthcare
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Effectiveness of Drug Treatment Programs.

Jeanne M. Newman Effectiveness of Drug Treatment Programs Sociology 150: Society and Social Issues Prof. Melanie Sinclair, MSW December 8, 2003 In view of the amount of the annual budget that is put into drug treatment each year in America, one would expect that successful outcomes and statistical data can be found to back them up. When I began this project, I anticipated finding definitively which rehabilitation programs were the answer to drug addiction. As I began my research, however, it was obvious that I was not going to be provided with unequivocal answers to the drug abuse problem, revealing what a complex social issue drugs have become. Drug treatment centers are confronted with abusers of many types of drugs. According to McMillan (1991), these drugs can be classified into four major groups, based on the effects they have on the user. Uppers, which stimulate the nervous system and create a feeling of euphoria, include cocaine and amphetamines. Downers, such as heroin and other opiates, slow down or depress the nervous system. Hallucinogens, such as marijuana and LSD, temporarily alter consciousness. Dissociative anesthetics result in separation from reality. PCP or angel dust is an example of this type of drug (p. 20). All of these substances are included in research results of drug treatment centers. To outsiders who are not involved in drug

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Healthcare
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What is a human drug trial?

What is a human drug trial? A human drug trial is a trial conducted with volunteered patients to evaluate a new drug which may have been discovered. The purpose of the trial is to find new improved methods to treat patients with certain diseases or illnesses. With any new drug there are possible risks as well as benefits. So therefore any new drug has to undergo some procedures such as drug trials were some volunteers take the drug. These drug trials help doctors to determine: - If the drug is safe and effective, - If the new drug is better than the current drug available, - If there are any serious side effects, - If the drug works on the patient carrying the illness or disease. How are drugs licensed? When a new drug has been discovered it has to be licensed to the public that it can be used effectively and safely to cure any disease or illness. The best way to do this is undergo a human drug trial where the drug goes through some procedures. Human drug trials are conducted in three phases, and each of the phase are designed to find out different specific information. The phases of a human drug trial are: Phase 1 - Laboratory Stage . The first stage of a human drug trial is that before the drug is tested on humans, or animals, it must be tested on a few human tissue samples in the laboratory to make sure the drug reacts with the cell. 2. If step one's result

  • Word count: 1320
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Medicine and Dentistry
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