Homeostatic Control of Blood Glucose Levels
Adnan Undre Homeostatic Control of Blood Glucose Levels Glucose is an essential substance in the body as it the primary source of energy for all biological functions and is indeed the only form of energy which can be used by the brain and central nervous system. The ideal level of blood glucose is 80 - 90mg of glucose per 100mls of blood. However this level is not static - it oscillates due to changes in the body which are brought about by actions such as eating a meal, exercising, or not eating for long periods. If blood glucose levels drop or rise dramatically there may be serious consequences such as hypo- or hyperglycaemia which can both cause death. Thus it is necessary for blood glucose levels to be regulated and this is achieved through homeostasis. To work effectively homeostasis requires an effective receptor to detect variations from the norm and a negative feedback system where antagonistic processes work to redress any variations as they occur. By examining the mechanisms of the homeostatic control of blood glucose levels it should be possible to explore the consequences of a breakdown of this part of the endocrine system. Essentially, blood glucose levels are controlled by the pancreas. It is in this organ that areas of cells called the Islets of Langerhans exist, which consist of alpha cells and beta cells. These cells monitor blood glucose and secrete the
Homeostatic mechanisms I have monitored.
Homeostatic mechanisms I have monitored Homeostasis comes from the Greek words, homeo meaning constant and status meaning state or condition. This describes how the body needs to be kept at a constant state in order to work efficiently and reliably. The skin is a receptor monitoring temperature and uses feedback control sending messages to the brain and then to the organs. This keeps the body in balance. Key measurements of homeostatic functions are body temperature, breathing patterns, lung volume (peak flow), and blood pressure. A change in these can help identify dysfunction of homeostatic balance which could be fatal if not treated or could be signs of shock when an accident has occurred. Body temperature is one of the measurements I have taken, if body temperature rises or falls below or above 37 °C, the body will become hypothermic if low and hyperthermia if high. At 27°C the body will become unconscious and the heart will stop if below 25°C. So the body's temperature control is very important. Homeostasis works by causing the body to shiver as this will contract muscles, causing cells to work with respiration to increase the oxygen intake. The cells will burn oxygen which will produce heat. The lungs and heart work faster to provide oxygen and heat is produced. Small hairs will stand on end trying to trap air to reduce heat loss. In hypothermia the
The Homeostatic Mechanisms
Homeostatic mechanism P5. Homeostasis is a process in which the body maintains a constant environment internally (which includes our body temperature, glucose levels, PH levels and water levels), regardless of any changes that occur externally. • Skin- regulates body temperature • Hypothalamus- responds to any change in environment • Liver and pancreas- regulates blood glucose and water levels within the body • Kidneys- regulates water and salt levels Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback control, which is the process where a receptor such as nerve ending in the skin, detects change in the environment and informs the brain, which then instructs the effector such as a muscle or a gland to perform an action. Homeostasis is vital as it allows the enzymes within the body to function efficiently, as they work better when under a constant temperature. This is important because enzymes are essential for speeding up metabolic reactions that take place within the body which are required for the body cells to function correctly. Therefore, without homeostasis, the enzymes would not function which would be fatal. There are various parts of the body which are involved in homeostasis including; Homeostasis is responsible for the maintenance of many things that take place within the body, such as: Blood glucose levels Homeostasis
What is homeostasisand why is it necessary? Describe the way in which homeostatic control mechanisms function. Using the control of blood sugar as an example.
What is homeostasis and why is it necessary? Describe the way in which homeostatic control mechanisms function. Using the control of blood sugar as an example. Your account should clearly identify the roles of RECEPTERS, EFFECTORS THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND EXPLAIN THE PRINCIPLE OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK. Homeostasis means 'staying the same'. In the body this refers to the way the body maintains a stable internal environment. For an organ to function properly its cells and tissues must experience more or less constant conditions. Each cell is bathed in tissue fluid which is kept within certain physical and chemical limits. The conditions that need to be controlled include temperature, amount of water in the body, amount of glucose and amount of nitrogenous waste. Homeostasis can therefore be described as a condition in which the body's internal environment remains within certain physiological limits. This allows cells to work efficiently despite what is going on outside the body. To regulate this it is necessary for the body to detect levels and then respond in an appropriate way. The body has built in physiological mechanisms to maintain them at desirable levels. If levels get too high the receptors send signals for the body to lower levels and if the level gets too low signals are sent to raise it. This is the principal of negative feed back. The body
DISCUSS THE CONCEPT OF HOMEOSTASIS PARTICULARLY IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE CONTROL
DISCUSS THE CONCEPT OF HOMEOSTASIS PARTICULARLY IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE CONTROL In complex organisms organs are united to form organ systems such as the digestive, reproductive, nervous and muscular systems. The fact that all of the organ systems generally work in a highly coordinated manner suggests strongly that organisms possess distinct physiological control mechanisms that make the coordination of such highly complex processes possible. One of the most interesting features of such control mechanisms is that they are built into the system to regulate it. The controls are self-adjusting and do not require constant monitoring from an outside agent. Such controls maintain the system in equilibrium. Maintaining a constant internal environment is a struggle which of course is one that every physiological system ultimately loses; death being the final failure of the bodies system. By internal environment we mean the immediate vacinity of the cells, mammalian tissue cells are surrounded by tiny channels and spaces filled with fluid, these provide the cells with the medium in which they have to live and this represents the organs internal environment. It must be kept constant if the cells are to continue their vital functions. The importance of preserving the internal environment, despite considerable fluctuations in the external environment was first pointed out by
Homeostatic Mechanisms
Homeostatic Mechanisms Homeostasis, from the Greek words for "same" and "steady," refers to any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival. It is the maintenance of a constant internal environment (the immediate surroundings of cells) in response to changes in the conditions of the external and/or internal environment. The skin of an adult person has a surface area of about 2m squared and varies in thickness from 0.5mm in most body regions to 3mm on the soles of the feet. It is tough and flexible and provides mechanical protection for the underlying tissue. In addition, it is a major sensory surface, manufactures vitamin D, screens the body from harmful ultraviolet radiation, and prevents the entry of bacteria and other micro-organisms. It also plays an essential role in temperature regulation. Two distinct regions, the epidermis, and the dermis, are easily recognised in a vertical section of human skin. The epidermis, or outer layer of skin, is a specialized epithelial tissue. It is covered by a protective layer of dead cells produced by underlying living epidermal cells. These dead cells are packed with the protein - keratin, which helps keep the skin both airtight and relatively waterproof. The colour of the skin is due to cells called melanocytes. The black pigment melanin,
Describe the concept of homeostasis and the homeostatic mechanisms that regulate heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature and blood glucose levels.
Saira Iram Shaukat Unit 5- Senzenni Assignment 4 Homeostasis-P5 P5) Describe the concept of homeostasis and the homeostatic mechanisms that regulate heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature and blood glucose levels. Definition of Homeostasis The actual word homeostasis means "steady state". Homeostasis describes how the body regulates its process to keep its internal conditions as stable as possible. Homeostasis is necessary because human cells are efficient but very demanding. The phrase "steady state" is a bit confusing; the conditions inside our bodies are not constant but are kept within a narrow range. Some factors such as core temperature and blood pH change slightly while others such as blood glucose vary considerably throughout a normal day without producing any harmful effects. A very brief description of homeostasis is that it is the maintenance of a constant internal environment in response to a change in external environment. Internal environment The conditions that prevail within the body of an organism, particularly with respect to the composition of the tissue fluid. To function properly they need to be bathed in tissue fluid that can provide the optimum conditions. Nutrients and oxygen must be delivered and waste needs to be removed. To maintain the internal environment there are 3 things that need to be done: * Organisms keep conditions in
Homeostatic Imbalance of Blood Pressure
Running Head: HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE OF BLOOD PRESSURE Homeostatic Imbalance of Blood Pressure [Name of the writer] [Name of the institution] Homeostatic Imbalance of Blood Pressure H?m???t??i? d?riv?? fr?m th? Gr??k w?rd h?m?? m??ning ??m? ?nd ?t??i? m??ning ?t?ying, th?r?f?r? h?m???t??i? r?f?r? t? th? m?int?n?nc? ?f th? ?t?bility ?f th? int?rn?l ?nvir?nm?nt within ? b?dy, giving ?n ?rg?ni?m ? l?v?l ?f int?rn?l ind?p?nd?nc? fr?m th? ?xt?rn?l ?nvir?nm?nt. Th? ?ctu?l ?nvir?nm?nt ?f th? c?ll? ?f th? b?dy i? th? int?r?titi?l c?mp?n?nt ?f th? ?xtr?-C?llul?r Fluid (?CF), thi? fluid h?? t? b? k?pt c?n?t?nt fr?m th? ch?nging ?xt?rn?l ?nvir?nm?nt ?r n?cr??i? ?ccur?. ?inc? n?rm?l c?ll functi?n d?p?nd up?n th? c?n?t?ncy ?f thi? fluid, it i? n?t ?urpri?ing th?t in multic?llul?r ?nim?l?, ?n imm?n?? numb?r ?f r?gul?t?r m?ch?ni?m? h?v? ?v?lv?d t? m?int?in it. W.B c?nn?n u??d th? t?rm h?m???t??i? t? d??crib? th? v?ri?u? phy?i?l?gic?l ?rr?ng?m?nt? which ??rv? t? r??t?r? th? n?rm?l ?t?t? ?nc? it h?? b??n di?turb?d. H?m???t?tic m?ch?ni?m? inv?lv?? th? int?r?cti?n? ?f m?ny ?rg?n? ?nd ?y?t?m? in pr?viding th? ?ptimum c?nditi?n? f?r th? c?ll?, which r??ult? in ?ptimum ?nvir?nm?nt f?r th? ?nzym?? t? w?rk in thu? k??ping th? c?ll ?liv?. Th? m?mm?li?n kidn?y i? c?ntr?l t? h?m???t??i?, b?ing inv?lv?d in th? r?gul?ti?n ?f w?t?r ?nd ??lt b?l?nc?, pH ?nd m?t?b?lit?? l?v?l?. Th? liv?r i?
Control of homeostasis.
HOMEOSTASIS According to totora .......... Homeostasis can be defined as " the condition in which the body's internal environment remains constant, within physiological limits". Homeostasis is a dynamic condition as the body's equilibrium point can change over a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining life. E.g., the level of glucose in the blood does not normally fall below 70mg of glucose per 100ml of blood. Each body structure helps to contribute to keep the internal environment within its normal limits. For example, if the level of blood glucose within the drops then the body compensates it by using fats stores as a reserve supply of glucose Body fluids An important aspect of homeostasis is maintaining the volume and composition of body fluid. The fluid within cells is called intracellular fluid (ICF). The fluid outside the body cell is called extracelluar fluid (ECF). Dissolved in the ICF and ECF are substances needed to maintain life such as O2, nutrients, proteins and electrally charged ions. Bernard predicted - the proper functioning of the body depends on precise regulation of the composition of the surrounding fluids of cells, known as interstitial fluid (internal environment). The composition of interstitial fluid changes as substances move in and out of the cell. For example, there is an exchange of materials across the capillary walls. This
Homeostasis & Control of BGL.
Homeostasis & Control of BGL Homeostasis Source - www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/biology/humans/homeostasisrev1.shtml All the cells in our bodies are surrounded by a liquid called tissue fluid which has exactly the right conditions in which cells can work. Tissue fluid has the right temperature, the right amount of glucose and the right amounts of water and salt. Homeostasis is an important process that maintains these conditions at the right level. Source - http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/HOMEOSTASIS.html A process of interaction which balances various influences and effects so that a stable state or a stable behaviour is maintained. Often that stable state or that stable behaviour is essential to assume structural stability of a SYSTEM. E.g., the size of the pupil of the human eye is negatively correlated with the intensity of light entering the retina thus keeping the amount of light within the limits of optimal processing of visual information. Too much light will destroy the light sensitive cones of the retina. The blood sugar content and many other chemical quantities are similarly balanced within the human body. In families, homeostasis may become pathological when family members no longer prefer that state yet cannot escape it as a consequence of the way they interact with one another (e.g., double bind). Source - http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/HOMEOSTA.html
