The Stuart Age
THAT KING JAMES II, HAVING ENDEAVOURED TO SUBVERT THE CONSTITUTION OF HIS KINGDOM BY BREAKING THE ORIGINAL CONTRACT BETWEEN KING AND PEOPLE: AND, BY THE ADVICE OF JESUITS AND OTHER WICKED PERSONS, HAVING VIOLATED THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS: AND HAVING WITHDRAWN HIMSELF OUT OF THE KINGDOM; HAS ABDICATED THE GOVERNMENT; AND THE THRONE IS HEREBY VACANT. (House of Commons Resolution, 28TH January 1690)1. Discuss. Although James II had inherited a crown that was in a strong position both financially and politically he was to loose the throne within three years of his reign. James may only have wanted to promote the religious freedom of his Catholic subjects, but his actions during his short reign filled his Protestant subjects with fear; at the end of 1685 he formed a permanent standing army and promoted Catholic officers to senior posts in both the army and navy. Many of his closest advisers and the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland were Catholic. Two Declarations of Indulgence granted freedom of worship to dissenting Protestants and the Anglican bishops who opposed this were sent to the Tower. Local government and the judiciary were packed with Royalist sympathisers. The birth of a male heir in June 1688 meant that James' unambiguously Protestant daughter Mary was no longer next in line to the throne. Decisive action was needed and William soon brought an army to England. These events of
Stuart Patterson
Stuart Patterson. Chemistry Coursework. Mr. Mitchell Page 1 Investigation to show the rate of reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid. In this experiment, I will be investigating, the rate in which Sodium Thiosulphate reacts with Hydrochloric Acid when added together at different concentrations. In order for the Sodium Thiosulphate to react with the Hydrochloric Acid, * Collide with each other * The collision must have enough energy to react. For particles to react, they need to have more energy than the activation energy barrier (Ea). The rate of reaction is determined by the amount of particles above the Ea barrier, therefore the more that have enough energy to react, the quicker the reaction. In my investigation, I could increase the temperature of the solutions. This would increase the speed of the particles and the amount of energy they have, so there would be more collisions and more would have an increased energy than the activation energy barrier, so more will react and the quicker the reaction would occur. I could increase the concentration of sodium thiosulphate, to increase the amount of particles, and consequently the amount of collisions would rise and more particles would have more energy than the activation energy barrier, making the reaction would be quicker. If I was to add a catalyst, it would
Utilitarianism - John Stuart Mill.
Jaclyn M. Matzen Philosophy 101 Jennifer Rosner 25 February 2002 Utilitarianism John Stuart Mill presents utilitarianism as a foundation of morals that support the "principle of utility" as a standard for right and wrong actions. If we follow it, we will be lead to a world where as many beings are as happy as they possibly can be. Mill's "principle of utility" orders us to base our decisions and actions on what will promote the most happiness and pleasure overall. One should take into consideration the superiority of mental pleasure over physical and account for every being that is capable of feeling pleasure or pain from a decision equally. Utilitarianism puts the focus on the result or consequence of one's decisions of action. In deciding whether an action is right or wrong, one must calculate the different amounts of pleasure or pain brought about to all things capable of experiencing the effects of the action. Utilitarianism is rooted in the belief that a human's main motive is the pursuit of pleasure or at least the avoidance of pain. This means morality requires us to promote the means, the "principle of utility," to achieve the most desirable ends. Ultimately this equates to the highest happiness for the most possible. One of the most common criticisms of utilitarianism is the argument that the "pursuit of happiness" cannot be the ultimate purpose of
A Critical Analysis of Stuart Hall's Text, 'Encoding/Decoding' and the Theories of 'Semiotics' Within.
Ben Fortenbacher (01/03/2002) A Critical Analysis of Stuart Hall's Text, 'Encoding/Decoding' and the Theories of 'Semiotics' Within Beyond its literal meaning, a particular word may have a multitude of differing underlying meanings, and this is what Stuart Hall refers to as 'Semiotics', except that he calls the actual word in question the 'denotation', and the series of meanings which that word can represent the 'connotations'. In this essay, I will critically analyse Hall's model of 'encoding/decoding', and evaluate his methods in terms of its assumptions, implications, strengths and weaknesses. In semiotics, 'denotation' and 'connotation' are terms describing the relationship between the 'signifier' and its 'signified', and Hall motions that the meaning of a word or text includes both the 'denotation' (for example, "lion"), and the 'connotation' (which may be, in this case, "England"). Hall dictates that the media is only the catalyst for damaging effects or actions by those influenced by it, and the consumers of any kind of media are therefore not directly affected by the images or ideals conveyed by them. The discourse here is that there are many arguments, signs, symbols and ideas centred around one idea, and an individual has the power to produce their own perceived truths and versions of events in order to establish their own rationale. In his writings, Stuart
Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England
Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England Why was there any problem? Today when we think of witches, we think of fairy tale witches on brooms with black cats and warts on the tips of their noses, but then, they would have thought anyone could be a witch. If you were an old lady, often a widow who lived at home alone, people would not automatically go "witch witch". Often people that were accused had a family, also there was a lot of the rich accusing the poor. This is the story of Elizabeth Crossly. Henry Cockfeild told how a poor woman called Elizabeth Crossly came to his house begging. Henry gave her a small amount and sent her away, Elizabeth was not pleased with this amount but she went anyway. The next night Henry's one year old son started having fits three months later he was dead. Henry blamed Elizabeth, At the trial other people said she had bewitched members of there family. Elizabeth was found guilty and hung. Elizabeth's story was not uncommon. Here is a chart to show the number of witchcraft trials in the south east of England from 1560 to 1701. County Number of trials Sussex 6 Hertfordshire 45 Surrey 55 Kent 79 Essex 279 As you can see there were a lot of trials in Essex. Were there any rules? Henry VIII introduced Laws against witchcraft because he thought witches were involved in plots to kill him. He made a law stating that any witch must be
Popular Beliefs and Religion In Tudor-Stuart Society
POPULAR BELIEFS AND RELIGION IN TUDOR-STUART SOCIETY Describe the way in which the Church and popular religion affected the lives of ordinary people from 1558-1667. Why, and how successful, did the established Church try to change the beliefs and customs of its parishioners? In the days Tudor-Stuart society were many changes in state religion by different ruling monarchs that affected the lives of ordinary people. This was especially during the period of 1558-1667, where immense confusion arose by the nation people over what religion to practice. During this time, there was further confusion, not only religious, but also confusion of not being able to explain the unexplainable. This resulted in superstition, which was popular during this period, as a way for the people to explain the things that could not be explained. With the increasing amount of superstition, and other popular beliefs, it led to an increase in insecurity leading to the accusations of witches. The established Church had many affects on the lives of ordinary people. The Church acted as a tax collector and a charity having a financial affect on the people. It controlled occupation groups, such as teachers, midwives and teachers, hence the Church controlled people in these professions. The Church had control on people attending Universities, promoting theology as most important subject. Basically, they
Two factors which affected the Stuart economy of 1600-1660
Two factors which affected the Stuart economy of 1600-1660 The Stuart economy is always difficult to analyse. Unfortunately due to incomplete records we only have a rough idea of the economic growth that England underwent during this era. For example we do not have fully accurate records that state the exact population size at the time. We also therefore do not have accurate records on the economy either but from parish records and events during this period it is still possible to make informed conclusions on what the economy was like, and the factors that stimulated it. The first thing that is important to study when discussing the economy is the population size. According to records found in parishes at the time population was generally on the increase and rose from 4 to 5 million between 1600 and 1660. However although the population did rise considerably it was certainly not a steady increase and went through phases of decline as well as increase. Surprisingly, according to information now available, some year's burial rates were actually higher than baptism rates, suggesting a population decline. However due to the fact that these records are sometimes incomplete it is not possible to give completely accurate figures about the changes in population during this era. Some historians argue that these changes in population growth point to the fact that the Stuart economy
John Stuart Mills 'defence of freedom'
John Stuart Mills 'defence of freedom' John Stuart Mill was one of the great Utilitarian philosophers of the nineteenth century, along with his father, James Mill and Jeremy Bentham. They set out the original strands of utilitarianism and Mill was able to adapt it and smooth away some of its rough edges, coming as he did after his father and Bentham's major works expounding the new philosophy. Mill was influential both with the governments of the day and beyond, with his profound debates on individuality and liberty still having relevance to the governments of today. ` `Mill was very much in favour of both human diversity of action and expression, and in his works he vigorously argued for both these freedoms. One of the major concepts he attempts to set out in his work is how far governments can legitimately curtail both these freedoms, developing his 'harm principle', one of the most enduring concepts of his work, to aid an understanding of this. It is in "On Liberty" that Mill sets out most strongly his ideas on individual freedom, both social and political, and in this text he sets out a comprehensive and profound defence of the freedom of expression. His argument is constructed by adding layer upon layer, all interconnecting, to complete his argument, and to properly explore the problems created for Mill's theory by incitement to racial hatred, it will be necessary to
The Beer Hall Putsch.
The Beer Hall Putsch On November 8th and 9th1923, Hitler used the anger felt against the Berlin government in Bavaria to attempt an overthrow of the regional government in Munich in a lead up to the take-over of the national government. This incident is generally known as the Beer Hall Putsch. On November 8th 1923, the Bavarian Prime Minister, Gustav Kahr, was addressing a meeting of around 3000 businessmen at a beer hall in Munich. Kahr was joined by some of the most senior men in Bavarian politics including Seisser, Bavaria's police chief, and Lossow, the local army commander. Hitler and 600 of his Stormtroopers (the SA) went into the meeting from the back of the hall. These SA men, lead by Ernst Rohm, lined the sides of the hall in an attempt to intimidate those in the beer hall. It is said that Hitler, once on the speaker's platform, shouted out. Kahr, Lossow and Seisser were taken into a side room. Here, threatened by guns, Kahr is said to have agreed to support Hitler in his attempt to take-over the government in Berlin. Hitler promised Kahr that he would get a key position in the new national government and Lossow was promised a senior post in the German Army. He rushed back to the stage about ten minutes later. Karl von Muller, who was at the meeting and was a witness at Hitler's trial, also states that the group was absent from the stage for
From Syntsalo Town Hall to Finlandia Hall Alvar Aaltos Space of Humanism
Jonathan Boyle 0510276 From Säynätsalo Town Hall to Finlandia Hall: Alvar Aalto’s Space of Humanism Finnish architect Alvar Aalto was famous for his meticulous manipulation of space concerning human scale and spatial experience, which I would like to call humanism. One typical aspect of his humanism is his regionalism. (Schildt and Aalto 1998, 8-9) Combining modern method of dealing with the space and Finnish local condition and culture, he managed to develop a humanist solution which satisfied local residents both functionally and spiritually. Here I would like to take two of his works that were finished in different period of his career and discuss how he blended the idea of humanism into his work and how he developed humanist solution throughout his career. One example is the Town Hall located in Säynätsalo, a small city in central Finland. [Fig.1] This building was designed during a competition in 949 and completed in 1951. Primarily the building intended to be a municipal office. While Aalto transformed it into a complex which included residential and commercial space apart from municipality. (Schildt and Aalto 1998, 74-81) The other example is the Finlandia Hall built in Helsinki during 1967 to 971 which was about 20 years later after the completion of Säynätsalo Town Hall. [Fig.2] An extension of congress wing was built soon after the completion of the
