Battery Farming

Battery Farming System Is Too Cruel? Why doesn't this Government insist on stricter enforcement of this country's anti-cruelty laws for animals? Among the many meaningless promises Tony Blair made to get elected, he promised he would phase out the battery farming of chickens. In some battery farms, there are chicken being forced to live in conditions we would never imagine. These conditions are horrendous as chickens are kept in cages with several other chickens. These cages have no flooring so the chickens are forced to rest on the rough metal. This must be ever so painful as It might be like experiencing sleeping on knifes. The chickens have to put up with stepping on wire and if they move a bit their feet could get stuck between the little cut out cubes of wire. They are never allowed to set their legs on firm, solid ground and they have no room to spread their wings. This must strain the chicken and leave it in tormenting pain. They suffer this pain and affliction throughout their lives. I don't know how a sick kind of person who calls itself a "human being" can lock up a tormented chicken and then dose off to a warm and cosy bed. How would the farmer like it if it was locked up into a cage smaller than it? There is not much difference with other battery farm animals. They all suffer with the same result of them lying in pain, not in their natural living conditions.

  • Word count: 1509
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
Access this essay

Battery Hens

Battery Hens The hen was cramped. She hadn't stretched or even moved in the last two months since she hatched. Her feathers were covered in filth because she couldn't reach to clean them. Her beak had been cut off when she was just hours old and it was still causing her searing pain. She had already several broken bones which would probably never heal... This situation is very common in battery hen factories where all that the hens do is keep on laying eggs. Often there is no sunlight in the factories but artificial lighting programmes which are supposed to stimulate hens into laying more eggs. All these lighting programmes really do is further add to the stress of each and every hen in the factory. Hens moult in the autumn and are off-lay for 2-3 months to rest. Battery-farmers reduce this non-productive period by semi or total starvation of the hens, in order to bring them back on-lay more quickly. Many hens die during this process. The battery system was designed to allow faeces to drop through the bottom of the cage, separating the hens from possible sources of diseases - especially those caused by internal parasites. But the cage system itself creates severe disease problems and suffering. The duties of the stockperson amount to little more than the upkeep of automated equipment and removal of dead birds from their cages. While no official statistics exist the

  • Word count: 505
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Maths
Access this essay

There are two ways of committing common assault which are assault and battery. Both of there offences are charged under s39 criminal justice act 1988 and summary offences.

There are two ways of committing common assault which are assault and battery. Both of there offences are charged under s39 criminal justice act 1988 and summary offences. Firstly I am going to look at assault which is known as a technical assault or psychic assault. Assault is when defendant intentionally or subjectively recklessly causes another person to fear immediate unlawful personal violence. For the Actus Reus of assault, you must establish that there has been an act which has caused another person to apprehend the infliction of immediate, unlawful force. An assault requires some acts or word this can be seen in Lodgon v DPP where defendant opened a drawer in his office to show another person that there was a gun in it, which defendant said was loaded. In fact the gun was fake. The actions of defendant were held to amount to an assault. Words are sufficient to amount to an assault which can be seen in Constanza (1997) the CA held that letters can be an assault. In this case defendant had written 800 letters and made a number of phone calls to the victim. The victim interpreted the last two letters as clear threats. The CA held that there was an assault, as there was fear of violence at some time, 'not excluding the immediate future'. It must be proven that the threat of unlawful force would take place almost immediately. This can be seen in Smith v Constable of

  • Word count: 1299
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Law
Access this essay

negligence caustion assult battery

Tobias' threatening attitude towards Edward requires a consideration of what constitutes an assault. An assault is defined as an act which intentionally causes another person to apprehend the infliction of immediate, unlawful force on his person.1 When Tobias phoned Edward, and utter the words "I am going to kill you and ensure that you never play ruby again". These words alone may be no more than mere abuse, and the content of his words are insuffient to amount to a threat. If words are to account to assault, the Burden of proof is on Edward to show that he reasonable appended harm. If the words themselves do amount to a threat, there are no legal authority that words alone could constitute an assault.2 However this may now be challenged in the House of Lords case in R v Ireland.3 It was accepted that a silent phone call could amount to an assault. Accordingly, it is now clear that the use of words alone may be an assault taking into account all the surrounding circumstances. If Tobias words are capable of amounting to an assault, there remain the issue that there cannot be an assault unless the threat is immediate. The fact that Tobias utter these words to Edward over the phone rather than in person or face to face, a reasonable person would hold that, Tobias is not in a position to inflict immediate and direct harm on Edward. Thus, Edward wasn't under immediate threat

  • Word count: 3270
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Law
Access this essay

Criminal law.

Criminal law coursework Chloe suffered bruises and scratches from Reena's practical joke. The extent of the seriousness is unknown. Reena could be found guilty under section 39 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988. This covers both assault and battery. Only battery is of concern here as there is no assault. It is a summary offence and the maximum punishment is six to twelve months imprisonment and or a fine up to £5000. Battery requires the defendant to intentionally or recklessly apply unlawful force to the body of another person. In order for the accused (Reena) to be found guilty of battery the necessary actus reus and mens rea must be satisfied. The actus reus of battery is if a person applies unlawful force to the body of another person. This is the actus reus because it is every part of the definition of assault except references to the mens rea. The whole of the actus reus must be proved. It includes even the slightest application of force. The application of unlawful force is application of strength or energy. Reena actions must have caused the consequence. The act was removing the screws off the chair, which lead to the consequence of Chloe suffering the bruises. The authority for the actus reus of battery is Fagan v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner1. Reena did apply force indirectly which was unlawful. Can battery be committed by indirect application of force? This

  • Word count: 2118
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Law
Access this essay

internal resistance of a battery planning

Physics coursework Investigation to compare the internal resistance's of different cells. My task is to compare the internal resistances of different cells. I will first make a prediction what I think the relation may be. Then I will carry out preliminary and final experiments. After this I will then evaluate and analyse all of my results. Internal resistance is: "The resistance within a voltage source, such as an electric cell or generator." (http://www.answers.com/topic/internal-resistance-electricity) EMF (electromotive force) "The energy per unit charge that is converted reversibly from chemical, mechanical, or other forms of energy into electrical energy in a battery or dynamo." (http://www.answers.com/topic/electromotive-force) No real devices (batteries, amplifiers, generators) are perfect and so all have an internal resistance. The resistance is caused because the charge has to flow through the cell. When it does this it comes into contact with wires or chemicals which all have resistance so even though when travelling through the cell the charge gains energy, however it loses some of that because of the resistance in the cell When carrying out my experiment it will be set up as below However because the power supply has an internal resistance the diagram could be drawn like this instead What is displayed in the red circle is actual one single thing:

  • Word count: 980
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
Access this essay

For this essay we will be looking at the defence of assault and battery, consent. But first we have to discuss what is assault and battery.

In most crimes there are always defences to the offence that has been committed, for example, if one is charged with murder, then a defence of either provocation or diminished responsibility can be raised. There are other defences such as mistake or intoxication. In this case one will discuss when the defence of consent can be used against a criminal charge. For this essay we will be looking at the defence of assault and battery, consent. But first we have to discuss what is assault and battery. Assault and battery are separate crimes, under S.39 of the Criminal Justice act 1988. This was confirmed in the case of DPP vs. Little 1992. In legal terms an assault means to cause V to apprehend force, for example, waving a fist at someone's face is deemed an assault, while battery means to apply force to V; for example, punching someone in the face is a battery. Usually the two crimes are committed close together. So for instance, drawing your fist back is an assault, and then throwing the punch and connecting is a battery. Hence assault and battery. In the case of R vs. Clarence 1888 P consented to intercourse with D, despite D knowing that he was suffering from a venereal disease, which P did not know about. D was convicted of assaulting her, but his appeal was allowed. It was held that because P consented to intercourse with D there was no assault. However, consent is

  • Word count: 1436
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Law
Access this essay

The rise of battery-powered toothbrushes.

The rise of battery-powered toothbrushes TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 2 Introduction 3 Industry Analysis 3 Overview of Industry 3 Consumer Analysis 4 Community Analysis 4 Competitive Analysis 5 Price 5 Product Life Cycle 6 Distribution 6 Entering the Battery-Powered Toothbrush Industry 6 Company Analysis: 7 Strengths 7 Competitive Strategies 10 Financial Stability 12 Market Positions 13 Changes in Personnel 14 Product Analysis: Colgate Actibrush 14 Branding Architecture and Strategy 14 Indirect Channel Structure 15 Pricing Strategies 15 Promotional mix used and messages 15 Product Analysis: Crest SpinBrush 16 Branding Architecture and Strategy 16 Indirect Channel Structure 17 Pricing Strategies 17 Promotional mix used and messages 17 What's next for the Crest Spinbrush?: Crest SpinBrush Pro 18 Threat of Competition Ensues 18 Conclusion 19 References 21 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The oral care category has been witnessing increasing sales over the past few years, especially in the battery-powered toothbrush segment. Between August 2001 and 2002, sales of power dental accessories in U.S. food, drug and mass outlets grew by 21.8% (Neff, 2002). There are many competitors in this industry including Colgate-Palmolive and Procter & Gamble. In May 2000, Colgate-Palmolive introduced the Colgate Actibrush with a retail price of $19.99 (Young, 2002).

  • Word count: 5273
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Business Studies
Access this essay

Criminal Assignment.

Criminal Assignment Dick should be advised that he could be liable for Indecent Assault. Although no force was used against the boy, creating fear is sufficient and the boy may have been frightened of Dick. However, Dick will be strictly liable under the Indecency with Children Act 1960. By s.1 of this statute "any person who commits an act of gross indecency with or towards a child under the age of fourteen, or who incites a child under that age to such an act with him or another, shall be liable". Dick could not argue consent because under this act the boy is too young. Speck (1977) 2 ALL ER 859. There is no requirement that the victim, for example, accepts the accused's invitation to handle his penis. The offence is committed even when the child does nothing. The offence is one of strict liability as to the age of the victim B v DPP (1998) 4 ALL ER 465 (DC). Dick may also be liable under s.47 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 for Actual Bodily Harm and Battery. Dick has demonstrated an unlawful display of force against Jasmin which caused her to apprehend immediate and unlawful violence (the requirement for actual bodily harm) with the consequence of a broken nose. In Miller (1954) 2 QB 282 it was defined as, any hurt or injury likely to interfere with the health or comfort of the victim (the hurt or injury need not be permanent or serious but must be more than

  • Word count: 2161
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Law
Access this essay

Criminal Law - Assignment 2

Criminal Law - Assignment 2 Non-Fatal Offences Against the person Ray could be charged with wounding under the Offences against the Person Act 1861. The act deals with the majority of offences against the person which are non fatal. Battery is the intentional or reckless application of unlawful force to the body of a person without that persons consent. Battery can be committed using a weapon. There does not need to be an intention to injure, nor need it be aggressive or hostile but there must be some force. Serious acts of battery are dealt with by the Offences against the Person Act, 1861. Section 20 states that it is an offence for a person to unlawfully and maliciously wound or inflict any grievous bodily harm upon another. Two offences exist under s20; unlawful wounding of another and unlawful infliction of grievous bodily harm on a person. A wound is any injury that penetrates the skin, it need not be serious but it must break the inner and outer skin. Ray, having whipped Kate with a dog lead has caused cuts on Kate's body, which would constitute wounding. Maliciously means that the possibility of harm must have been foreseeable by the defendant. This offence does not request that the perpetrator intended the full consequence or was reckless as to the harm caused, however he must intend some harm but need not have intended grievous bodily harm or

  • Word count: 2074
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Law
Access this essay