Long term memory function
Psychology Charlotte Bellis-Ferreira Exam Questions 1 & 2 . Long term memory function is quite different than the limited short term store. There does not seem to be any limit on the quantity of information that can be stored and, once it is stored, it requires little conscious activity such as rehearsal to keep it accessible. However, it often does take some conscious activity to recall some information. Importantly, long term memory depends very much on relationships and structure. It is easy to store away and later retrieve some fact if it relates clearly to something we already know. Things that are completely novel or meaningless are very difficult to remember using long term memory. Short term memory is the retention of information that undergoes little processing or interpretation and can be recalled for only a few seconds. Short-term memory can retain about seven items.. A popular example of short-term memory is the ability to remember a seven-digit telephone number just long enough to dial a call. In most cases, unless the number is consciously repeated several times, it will be forgotten. This is what one might expect given the enormous quantities of information we all carry around with us. We all know the meaning of many thousand words and phrases, we know procedures for
Is Long Term Memory Functionally Distinct From Short Term Memory?
D.Hook 3/1/00 Is Long Term Memory Functionally Distinct From Short Term Memory? Due to both the ambiguity of the subject and the difficulty of researching it, memory has provided a great deal of controversy in the scientific world. This has been due to issues such as the type of encoding the mind employs in memory tasks, the time limits of storage and other such issues. It was only as recently as the late 1950's however that the question was raised over whether there could exist a separate long term and short term memory system and if so what the various functions of the two are. Peterson and Peterson (1959)1 were the first to come up with this Duplex Hypothesis as the result of an experiment into human memory. In this experiment they gave their participants a three consonant trigram (such as DNP) which was spoken to them to the beat of a metronome. Immediately after this the participant was presented with a three-digit number (in the same way) which they had to count back in threes from, again in time with the metronome. When a set signal was given the participant ceased counting and attempted to recall the original consonant trigram. In this experiment the counting was used as a distracter task which would prevent rehearsal of the original trigram by the participant (numbers were used instead of letters to avoid retroactive interference).
Categorisation in Long-Term Memory
Categorisation in Long-Term Memory Introduction Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) designed the multi-store model of memory suggesting that we have three different memory stores and that information must be rehearsed and encoded to move through each stage, the long-term memory having the largest capacity and where memory is coded semantically. This supports that there is in fact a short-term memory and a long-term memory. The study I have chosen is based on memory from the cognitive approach to psychology. Content that is stored in our long-term memory should be well arranged so that it can be retrieved easily. Without organising material, information in the brain would be less accessible to recall. Items in the long-term memory must be grouped together according to their meanings or recovering that information would be very difficult. Support for this are in the paragraphs below. Studies which involve free recall allow participants to recall material in any order they wish. By doing this you can see how much material is actually grouped by its meaning in the long-term memory. Bower et al (1969) showed 2 groups a list of the same 112 words. The first group had the words organised in a hierarchy and were able to remember 65% of the words listed. The second group had the words listed randomly and thus was only able to recall 18% of the words. This implies that the
Encoding in Short-term and Long-term memory.
Cognitive Psychology: Human Memory Encoding in Short-term and Long-term memory Aim: * 1960's- Controversy concerning the nature of coding in memory. - Baddeley tested if acoustic coding (based on the sound of the word) is used in STM. -Semantic coding (based on the memory of the word) us used in LTM. * Research based on Conrad's research- 1964 - Argued STM encodes information acoustically -No clarification which code preferred by LTM * Baddeley- aimed to confirm Conrad's findings and establish understanding of LTM Procedure:- Laboratory experiment using independent measures design - 4 types of word list -first 2-experimental conditions -Other 2 - control conditions * Acoustically similar (e.g. meet/feet/sweet) * Semantically similar (e.g. neat/clean/tidy) * Acoustically dissimilar (e.g. hot/far/jam) * Semantically dissimilar (e.g. pen/jump/day) * Independent variable- type of word list (acoustically similar/dissimilar or semantically similar/dissimilar) * Dependent variable- number of substitution errors made (one item confused with another)- Indicates main form on encoding * Participants recalled common words readily-similar frequency words * Participants asked to recall words in same order of presentation immediately for STM/ after timed delay =LTM Findings * STM (immediate recall)- more substitution errors on acoustically similar lists than
Outline three differences between short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).
Diana 12th November 2004 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY * Outline three differences between short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Duration Differences i.e. how long it lasts: - Information held in STM is lost rapidly when there is little or no opportunity to rehearse it since rehearsal would send the information into LTM and it will be easily recalled. This suggests that holding information in STM is only for a few seconds since holding information in STM is fragile and easily forgotten. Peterson and Peterson (1959) concluded this by asking participants to remember trigrams when not allowed to rehearse it. Unlike STM, information can be held in LTM for a long a long period of time and mostly forever. It is said that the elderly never forget their childhood memories. Bahrick, Bahrick and Witlinger (1975) carried out a study into LTM (where photographs of high school students were taken from the year and ex-students were asked to recall the names of the photographs. They found out that 90% of the names could still be remembered even after 34yrs. Encoding Differences: - Based on a study carried out by Baddeley (1966), there is evidence that STM is acoustically encoded i.e. encoding by the similarity of the sound of the words e.g. cat, mat, rat...etc, whereas LTM is semantically
Give a Brief Account of Different Characteristics of Short-Term Memory, Long-Term Memory and Evaluat
Give a Brief Account of Different Characteristics of Short-Term Memory, Long-Term Memory and Evaluate Research That Demonstrates These Differences. A memory in short-term memory (STM) does not last long, the duration is limited. It cannot hold a lot of information. The information it deals with is the immediate past and can only be held for a short period of time without rehearsal. The information tends do be encoded acoustically most of the time. Long-term memory (LTM) deals with information from the distant past. It can hold information, theoretically, from two minutes to last the whole of the person's life. The capacity of LTM is unlimited; therefore it is able to hold an unlimited amount of information. The information tends to be encoded semantically most of the time. Baddeley's study on encoding in STM and LTM (1966) proved that the STM tends to be encoded acoustically and LTM tends to be encoded semantically. In the STM study, the list of acoustically similar words was recalled worst, therefore showing that STM would encode information on an acoustic basis. The criticism in this was that STM uses other ways to encode information. Visual images, such as faces would be hard to encode in STM by means of sound. In the LTM study, the list that was worse recalled was the semantically similar words. This showed that LTM tends to encode information on a semantic basis. The
Describe two differences between Short term memory (STM) and Long term memory (LTM) in term of duration and capacity.
Psychology-Ms Wilson Rebecca Johnson Memory Q1. Describe two differences between Short term memory (STM) and Long term memory (LTM) in term of duration and capacity (3 marks) STM has duration of 3-18 seconds whereas the duration of LTM memory can last anything from a few minutes to a lifetime. The STM theory was supported by Peterson and Petersons Study (1959), which was their Trigram experiment. They attained this evidence by asking the participants to remember a single nonsense syllable of three consonants i.e. KPD. They were then given another task to do to stop them rehearsing the trigram. Their recollect was tested after 3,6,9,12,15,18 seconds and the recall had to be in correct order to count. They discovered that 80% of participants recalled the trigrams very well after 3 seconds, but this dropped dramatically to 10 % after 18 seconds. The supporting evidence for the duration of LTM was brought about by Ebbinghaus who tested his memory using nonsense syllables after delays ranging from 20 minutes to 31 days later and found that a large proportion of the information in LTM was lost comparatively quickly, i.e. in the first hour and thereafter stabilised to a much slower rate of loss. Linton used a diary to record at least 2 everyday events from her life each day for 6 years and then she had to aimlessly test her later recall of them. The results were that there was
There are two types of long term memory: Explicit (declarative) Memory and Implicit (non-declarative) Memory.
Grade 11 Psychology Evaluate a model or a theory of one cognitive process (e.g. Memory, perception, language, decision making), with reference to research studies. There are two types of long term memory: Explicit (declarative) Memory and Implicit (non-declarative) Memory. First we will explore explicit memory and the breakdown of it. Explicit memory consists of Episodic (biographical events) and semantic (which includes words, ideas, and concepts.) · Episodic- memories that you experience at a specific time and place · Semantic- the system in which you use to store your knowledge of the world Implicit (non-declarative) memory is expressed by means other than words. This is broken down into four categories which include procedural (skills), emotional conditioning, priming effect and conditioned reflex. · Procedural memory- enables people to acquire motor skills and gradually improve them · Emotional conditioning- related to our emotions · Priming effect- we do this on a regular basis in which we relate things to something we already know from a previous experience. Conditioned reflex- a classic example of this is the study conducted by Pavlov when he showed a dog a piece of meat and the dog started to salivate, the next time when he showed the dog meat he included the sound of an alarm in which it caused the dog to salivate so then when the dog heard the alarm
How is information organised in the long-term memory?
How is information organised in the long-term memory? The LTM is reference to a place that that holds information which has been well processed and integrated into one's general knowledge store. It is also referred as to secondary memory or permanent memory. The LTM is presumed to be without limits either in capacity to store information or in duration of that which is stored. Squire (1987) proposed that information in the LTM can be broken down to two basic types: procedural and declarative memory. - Procedural memory is our knowledge of how to do things. Examples are how to ride a bike or how to swim. These memories of skills are learned by observation and practise. However these pieces of information from the procedural memory can not be consciously investigated. - Declarative or Propositional memory in contrast is memory for specific information. Tulving (1972) suggested to brake down the declarative (propositional) memory into two types: the episodic memory and the semantic memory. It has however been recognised that experimenters have found it difficult to distinguish the two memories from each other in normal human beings. Tulving thought that semantic and episodic memory are likely to be highly interactive. Despite all difficulties the independence of the two is still widely accepted. - The Episodic memory is a memory system that makes it possible for a person
Forgetting in long-term memory - The interference theory.
Forgetting in long-term memory. The interference theory Forgetting means when the information that is stored in the brain is no longer there. The two main reasons why people forget is due to interference and trace decay, trace decay is when the participants forget the required information as they have not rehearsed it many time. Interference is when something gets in the ways of there learning for example music, you may listen and work at the same time however a small section in your brain is concentrating on the music which requires more attention and gradually you forget what you were doing or going to do. Psychologists in the 1930s 1940s and 1950s thought that the reason people forgot things was mainly due to the interference. It was suggested that one way of learning gets in the way of another and therefore causes the mind to forget the previous thing. That previous learning then interferes with the present learning, which is known as proactive interference. However when learning disrupts the memory for earlier learning this is known as retroactive learning. Interference theory has been tested by means of paired associate learning, however I am going to carry out a different study, which contain interference in the subject of smell. Aim: To find out whether interference plays a part in the loss of a memory, with smell as the interferer. Procedure: . Set off
