Multi-Store Memory Model

Multi-store model of memory The multi store model of memory was suggested and developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968. It was proposed to explain how the memory works, the theory proposes that there is more then one stage in memory and all must operate together for memory to properly function. Sensory memory revieves and stores information from the environment we experience through our senses. It is likely there is a sensory store for each sense, but most research has come from vision and sound. The sensory store for sight is called the iconic store, and for auditory experiences it is the echoic store. Research suggests that iconic and echoic operate in similar ways, the main difference between them is time its takes for memory to decay, Iconic memories last a very short amount of time ( about half a second ) before the information is decayed and lost, where as for echoic it can be several seconds before decay occurs. Sensory memories last just long enough to be transferred into the slightly longer lasting short term memory. Attention is important here, we are bombarded with a large amount of sensory information, far more then can actually be handled by our memory system, therefore an attention mechanism selects a small proportion of the information for further processing, information that is not chosen 'decays'. This process occurs at a level below our conscious

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The multi-store model

The multi-store model is an oversimplified view of a very complex human memory system. Evaluate the multi-store model with reference to alternative models of memory. (8 points) Much research was devoted to identifying the properties of the sensory, short and long term memory. Cognitive psychology such as Atkinson and Shiffin began to regard them as stores or rather holding structures of memory. Theirs multi store model of memory is the first model that describes and showed how information is flowed through different parts of the sensory, short and long term memory. This model is separated into three different categories or rather sections of memory. The sensory Memory is the first level of memory. It stores brief in formations of a sensory stimulus after the stimulus itself has ended. Eg: seeing an object and then the object disappear. You'll have a vivid memory of it remaining. (Coltheart at al 1974) The second is short-Term Memory where information selected by the sensory memory that gets passed to the short term memory (STM). STM has a limited capacity and allows us to retain up to 7+/- pieces of information for long enough for us to be able to use it. Peterson (1959) tested and proved that information stored by the STM only lasts for approximately 15 to 30 seconds. Finally there's the long-Term Memory which provides a more lasting preservation ranging from a minute to a

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Multi Store Memory Model

Multi-Store Memory AO1: * 3 Components: Sensory, Short Term Memory, Long Term Memory * Capacity, duration, encoding, chunking * Rehearsal * Forgetting all three stores * Based on computer programming AO2: * Brain damage studies supporting evidence - KF/HM (Lost one store have retained the other) * Generalising from small sample * Serial Position Curve: Recency, Primacy * Too simplistic * Doesn't explain chunking * Lab based experiments There are three components to the multi-store memory, they are: Sensory, Short Term Memory and Long Term Memory, there are three main categories to each component: The capacity, the duration and encoding, the capacity is how much memory a component can store, the sensory memory can store around 12 items, the short term between 7 +/- 2 chunks and ones long term memory has potential to hold an infinite amount of memory. The next category is the duration; this is the length of time that a memory can be held, for the sensory memory the duration is anything between 500miliseconds to 2seconds, the duration for ones short term memory it is up to 18seconds, and the duration for ones long term memory can potentially be a life time. Finally there is encoding, this is how the input is represented, for the short term memory this is done acoustically, whereas for ones long term memory encoding is carried out semantically. For a person to

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Multi-store model and working memory model

Multi-store Model and the Working Memory Model Models of Memory The Multi-store Model of Memory The multi-store model (MSM) was designed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). It says that there is actually more than one kind of memory. Multi-store model has three parts: sensory memory (SM), short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Sensory Memory is the type of memory that receives and stores information about the world from our senses. Information lasts just as long enough for it to be transferred to STM (1-3 seconds). The visual system possesses iconic memory for visual stimuli such as shape, size, colour and location (but not meaning), whereas the hearing system has echoic memory for auditory part of sensory memory. Short-term Memory is the type of memory where information is selected by attention from sensory memory, may pass into short term memory (STM). This allows us to retain information (acoustically) long enough to use it, e.g. looking up a telephone number and remembering it long enough to dial it. Peterson and Peterson (1959) have demonstrated that STM last approximately between 15 and 30 seconds, unless people rehearse the material, while Miller (1956) has found that STM has a limited capacity of around 7+/-2 'chunks' of information. STM also appears to mostly encode memory acoustically (in terms of sound) as Conrad (1964) has demonstrated, but can also

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Psychology - Multi-Store Model Of Memory

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory In 1968 Atkinson and Shiffrin created a multi-store memory model, which explains how we remember, store and retrieve events which have happened to us. This model is made up of three parts. The first part seeks to explain how information is taken into our brain via our sensory register. Every day, thousands of bits of information will enter our sensory register, however, if we do not pay attention to this information, it will be lost. For example, whilst in a lesson, we may not be paying attention to one of our senses, e.g. touch and how our arms feel on the table, but we will be concentrating and paying attention to another one of our senses, sound, and what the teacher is saying to us, so this gets transferred into our short term memory store. The second step in the multi-store model is transferring information from our limited short-term memory store (STM) to our long-term memory store (LTM). If the information in our short-term memory store is important enough to be rehearsed it will be transferred to our long-term memory store. Without rehearsal, the information will be forgotten, and therefore not transferred to our LTM store. To remember and recall the memory, which has been transferred to our long-term store, all the brain has to do is retrieve it. The act of retrieval is the third part of the model. There are

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Evaluate the Multi-store model of memory.

Zainab Bashar 12xF Multi-store model of memory Q) Evaluate the Multi-store model of memory. The multi-store model of memory is an explanation of how memory processes work. The information –processing models of memory all share similar features in terms of the structures of the memory system. For example, there is a temporary store where information can be briefly kept while some other operation is perfomed, this is known as the short –term memory which can only handle limited amount of information at any one time. There is a permanent store where information will remain permanently unless there is some damage or disruption to the system; this is known as long term memory which can handle limitless amounts of information can be stored for long periods of time. The multi-store model is a psychological model proposed in 1968 by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin as proposal for the structure of the memory. It proposed that human memory involves a sequence of three stages and that is Sensory memory, Short-term memory and long-term memory. Each stage of the process, there are constraints in terms of capacity, duration and encoding. Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed that information enters the system from the environment and first registers on the sensory memory store where it stays for a very brief period of time before it passes on to the short-term memory store . The

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Outline and evaluate the multi-store model

Long term memory Capacity: unlimited Duration: unlimited Encoding: semantic Forgetting interference/decay Short term memory Capacity: limited Duration: very limited Encoding: acoustic Forgetting displacement Sensory memory Capacity: unlimited Duration: very limited Encoding: senses Decay Retrieval Rehearsal Environmental stimuli Maintenance rehearsal Information retrieval Attention The multi-store model was suggested by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). They imagined memory as a flow chart. At each stage of the process, there are limitations in terms of Capacity, duration and encoding. Sensory memory: a set of limited capacity and holds information for a very brief period of time. Short-term memory: a temporary store where small amounts of information can be kept for brief periods. The information can be lost easily. Long-term memory: a permanent store where limitless amounts of information can be stored for a long time. Capacity: the amount of information that can be held in the memory at one time. Duration: the length of time that memories can be held Encoding: the way that the information is represented in the memory store e.g. sound, meaning or image. Many experiments tested how long information could last in the short-term memory, Jacobs/miller for example conducted an experiment with letters, they randomly listed 15 letters and asked

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Evaluate the multi store model of memory.

Multi – Store Model of memory , Diagram of the multi – store model Information lost through interference or retrieval failure Sensory Information Sensory Memory Forgotten Short – term memory Attention Rehearsal Long Term memory Information lost through decay or displacement 2, Outline the multi store model The Multi – Store model explains how information flows from one storage system to another. This system works that you have three storage systems. See the diagram above. The model works that the sensory memory is the first part of your memory this is where the first information goes which is called sensory information if this information is not passed on to the short – term memory than it is forgotten. Once the information s given the big red light and moved onto the STM it is then rehearsed and is transferred to long-term memory. The greater the amount of STM rehearsal, the greater the likelihood it will transfer to LTM for long-term storage. 3, Give two criticism of the model. Remember to explain why each of these is a criticism. The first criticism of the model is that the model sees memory as passive and limited by the amount of space available. Contemporary researchers like to see memory as an active process, limited by processing – how much time and attention is paid to sensory information. The above statement is not true because you can

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Discussing the multi store model of memory.

Transfer-Encoding: chunked The multi-store model of memory (MSM) Discuss the multi-store model of memory (12 marks) The multi-store model of memory was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin and it is a structural model which describes how information flows through the memory system in a linear way. The memory system consists of three memory stores: sensory register, short-term memory and long-term memory. Both short-term memory and long-term memory are unitary. Sensory memory is the information which you get from your senses, your eyes and ears. When attention is paid to something in the environment it is then converted to short-term memory. If any information is not important, it will decay or disappear. Once information is in the short-term memory information can be rehearsed and some information is rehearsed and then passed along into long-term memory. The two main stores in the sensory register are iconic and echoic, iconic memory is coded visually and echoic memory is coded acoustically. Material in the sensory register of lasts very briefly, up to a quarter to a half of a second. The capacity of the sensory register is high depending on the senses. Coding is based on the sense, in order for the information to last- attention is a key process. Short-term memory is known as a limited capacity because it can only withhold a certain number of things before forgetting

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Outline and evaluate the Multi-Store Model

Outline and evaluate the Multi-Store Model of memory Atkinson and Schiffer (1969) proposed the model explaining memory in terms of 3 main stores: sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory. It states that everything from the environment will enter as incoming information via the 5 senses into the sensory memory store, which has a duration of 1-2 seconds, where most of the information is filtered. Information which is not needed is forgotten and information which you pay attention to, is then stored in the short term memory, single storage unit, which has a capacity of 7 +/- 2 (Miller 1956) and duration of 18 seconds (Peterson & Peterson 1959). In order to remember the information, you have to rehearse it (1-1000 times). Information can then be encoded semantically to be stored in long term memory (Baddeley 1966). The stored memory in long term memory can last from 2 minutes up to a lifetime and can be retrieved to short term memory for it to be processed and used. Memories can also be forgotten by decay if it is not used in long term memory and short term memory. Long term memory can also be forgotten by displacement, where old memories are replaced with new. Eysenck and Keane in 2000, criticised the multi store model as being ‘oversimplified’ as long term memory and short term memory are represented as just a single storage unit showing it has a limited

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