Urban Transportation
Transportation in the 19th Century During the first half of the 19th century, improvements in transportation developed rather quickly. Roads, steamboats, canals, and railroads all had a positive effect on the American economy The movement of people and goods from place to place is known as transportation . Together with communication-the movement of ideas-transportation has been essential in bringing about the integration of regions and nations into a single world community. The development of urban transportation has not changed with the cities; cities have changed with transportation . In the early years of transportation it was the mass transit of horse and buggies or electric rail cars that shaped cities. Then as the automobile became affordable to the public, personal transportation redefined the city as 5 Modes of Transportation In order to have easy mobility of persons and goods, it is necessary to have a sophisticated and widespread transportation system. This system is made up of five primary areas of transportation , which are: · Motor vehicles · Railroad transportation · Air transportation · Water transportation · Pipelines Urban Transportation The development of urban transportation has not changed with the cities; cities have changed with transportation. In the early years of transportation it was the mass transit of horse and buggies or electric rail
US Transportation
ABSTRACT The United States is currently faced with an aging and over worked transportation infrastructure. If the roads, rails, airways, and waterways in the US are not maintained and improved the US economy will suffer dramatically. The hindrance on the movement of people and goods across the country will slow down the US economy and affect the way our country can compete globally. In 2005 Congress created The National Surface Transportation Policy and Revenue Study Commission under Section 1909 of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act -(SAFETEA-LU). The Commission was created because, as Congress declared, "it is in the national interest to preserve and enhance the surface transportation system to meet the needs of the United States for the 21st century." The Commission itself has 12 members, representing both the government and private sector. The Commission is working to examine not only the condition and future needs of the nation's surface transportation system, but also short and long-term alternatives to replace or supplement the fuel tax as the principal revenue source to support the Highway Trust Fund over the next 30 years. The Commission released its final report to Congress on January 15th 2008. Within the report the commission analyzed the current state of the US transportation system and made recommendations on how the US can
River Investigation
Introduction Aims . To find out how channel characteristics such as width, depth, area, efficiency, gradient and bedload change downstream? 2. To find out how flow characteristics, such as velocity and discharge change downstream? Having studied rivers to a great extent at GCSE and A level I have decided to carry out a study on river processes and characteristics. I have chosen the River Brett as the location for my study due to its large drainage basin and varying stream orders, enabling me to carry out a wide ranging investigation. The River Brett is a tributary off the river Stour in Suffolk. The river Brett's total length is 100 km. Hypotheses In this investigation I am going to prove the following Hypotheses: ) All of the river dimensions will increase downstream e.g. width, depth, area and radius. 2) All of the flow characteristics will increase downstream such as velocity and discharge due to a wider and deeper river. 3) Bedload size and shape will decrease downstream. Background and Theory of river processes . Hydrological Cycle 2. River Processes - Erosion Deposition Transportation 3. Other Factors affecting a river Erosional Processes Erosion is a process whereby material carried by the river wears away the bed and banks. It causes the river dimensions to become wider and deeper, or in the case of river material, smaller and rounder
Transportation in Malaysia
TRANSPORTATION There are many forms of transportation in Malaysia, and being an archetypal nation of today's standards, Malaysia can be considered quite well endowed with a great variety of means of transport. Not only can citizens own their own transport, the wide multiplicity of public transport makes traveling uncomplicated and rather comfortable and luxurious. A car may be considered a necessity to many Malaysian families, and some middle to high income families have even up to six cars. It is also more common to spy Malaysian-made cars, especially ones by the brand of Proton, as they are cheap and come in a large array of models, colors and prices. The price difference between a locally manufactured car, and an imported car amounts to approximately RM$40,000 to 45,000; despite the fact both types of cars have the same C.C. and general functions. This may be due to the verity that the Malaysian government has interests in disseminating the local brands, and thus imposes a heavy tax on imported cars. Cars that are more luxurious are obviously placed with a higher tax, up to 150% even. Taxation decisions are fully under the influence of the government, whereas the individual trader decides upon the final selling price of the car. A journey from Kuala Lumpur to the lion city of Singapore takes only a three to fours hours drive, thanks to the efficient highways of
The River Landscape.
Hayley Pearcy. 11Gio GEOGRAPHY COURSEWORK: THE RIVER LANDSCAPE. Question 3. I have identified a meander as the first feature of my sketch. There are many meanders shown along the part of the river shown in this photo. I am describing the one that comes first as the river enters the page at the forefront of the picture. Here the river flows what looks to be straight and then it turns back on itself to form the beginning of another meander. On one side of the meander there is a break of slope, a river cliff. It is quite large and the soil exposed is fairly sandy (milstone grit) and contains fragments of white rock that could be limestone. This soil has clearly been slipping down, as at the base of the cliff there are fragments of this rock littering the side of the river some of these rocks may have been deposited from further upstream. The sandy soil will probably have been carried away by the flow of the river. On the opposite side of the meander there is an area of flat land. This is the slip-off slope of the meander. Unlike the river cliff side, the slip off slope side is covered in grassy vegetation. The thickness of this vegetation increases, as it gets closer to the river. There is a very visible band showing these two thicknesses. The second feature that I have highlighted is the scar. This is an area of the valley side that has collapsed to expose the
Effects of technology on transportation
Technology is a general term referred to the processes by which human beings fashion tools and machines to increase their control and understanding of the material environment. Along years historians of science argue that not only that technology is an essential condition of advanced, industrial civilization but also that the rate of technological changes that has developed its own momentum in recent centuries. Innovations now seem to appear at a rate that increases geometrically, without respect to geographical limits or political systems. These innovations tend to transform traditional cultural systems, frequently with unexpected social consequences. Thus technology can be conceived as both a creative and a destructive process. Moving on to effect of technology on transportation it was noticed that right from middle ages innovations in transportation revolutionized the spread of technologies and ideas across wide areas. Such devices as the horseshoe, the whiffle tree (i.e for harnessing animals to wagons effectively) , and the spring carriage speeded the transfer of people and goods . Important changes also took place in the marine technology. The development of the deep keel, the triangular lateen sail for greater maneuverability, and the magnetic compass (in the 13th century) made sailing ships the most complex machines of the age. A school was established by Prince Henry
River study of the River Bride.
Mouth of the River Bride 1937 - the river finds its way through the shingle on the beach River Survey of the River Bride Introduction On Friday 9th of May we ventured to Osmington Bay in Dorset. We went to Dorset in order to conduct a river study of the River Bride. The undertaking of a river study was for Geography Coursework that would contribute to our final GCSE mark. We spent the first day studying the River Bride, specifically 10 sites from the source to the mouth representing changes in the river. The River Bride was chosen because of its array of river features. These include: River cliffs Meanders Slip Off Slopes Vegetation Springs Tributary Old River Channel It was easy to see why the River Bride was chosen as it embraced all those features listed above situated in the same place. It gave us a chance to test a vast array of hypothesis in the same day. SOUTH-WEST ENGLAND DORSET COASTLINE COASTLINE RIVER BRIDE AREA Background Information The majority of the catchment area for the River Bride is the Bride Valley. The valley runs east-west and as a result the river runs parallel to the coast, generally an unexpected phenomenon. The hills creating the valley reach over 180m in height. They are made of Bridport sandstones and limestones lying over Gault and Wealden Clay, creating a set of springs. The river itself falls 100m over the 12.75km
The Amazon River
Amazon The Amazon River is the second longest river in world. The headwaters begin high in the soaring Andes Mountains and stretches 6,400 km across the South American continent to the Atlantic Ocean. It discharges between 34 to 121 million liters of water per second, and depositing an average of 3 million tons of sediments near its mouth. The outpouring of water and residue is so vast that the salt content and the color of the Atlantic Ocean are altered for a distance of about 320km from the mouth of the river. Also, unlike many other rivers it¡¯s wide and straight from the headwaters to the mouth. During a new or full moon, a wave front from the ocean sweeps 650km upstream at speeds of 65km/h and this causes waves as high as 5m. Because of its vastness, annual floods, and navigability, the Amazon River is often called the Ocean River. The Amazon River is the largest and wettest tropical plain on Earth with heavy rains. Europeans were not the original keepers of this vast rainforest. The Amazonians are trapped between the old and new customs, and since they have traditions, their technology isn¡¯t as modern as the rest of the worlds¡¯. They live on the richest land with a wide variety of flora and fauna. With such great resources, including the river as transportation, almost anybody would want to seize the land and gain profits easily. The Amazonians have little
Balian River
GEOGRAPHY COURSEWORK LOCATION : BALIAN RIVER DATE OF STUDY : 8TH of SEPTEMBER & 7TH of NOVEMBER BY BELLA Contents . Purpose of investigation. 2. Hypothesis. 3. How rivers work. 4. Location of area of study 5. Methods and techniques 6. Results 7. Analysis 8. Conclusion PURPOSE OF THE INVESTIGATION To investigate the effect of the river processes which are evident in the Balian River Catchment. And, to investigate the effects of climate on landform development. Hypothesis In Balian river, there might be abrasion, solution, and transportation. There will be the upper course, middle course, and lower course. The river starts from the source which is on the upper course, and flows way down through the middle course and the lower course, and ends up on the mouth below the lower course. Rivers always flow from highland area to the lowland area. At the source, trees and other plants might be found besides the source. The source must be at the mountains, so the weather is a bit cool, and fresh. And the speed of the water flow in the source might not fast, or maybe calm. In the upper course of the river, there might be some steep slopes and the river channel is quite narrow. Because of the erosion, on the upper course we might find some steep V-shaped valleys, rapids, and even waterfalls. In the middle course, erosion has made the river channel wider. Because in
River Processes Revision Notes and Questions.
River processes (Page 6-7) Erosion can affect the length, Depth and Width of a river Vertical erosion deepens river channels. It happens in the upper stages of a river. Lateral erosion makes the river wide. This happens in the middle and lower stages of a river. Headward erosion makes the river longer. It happens near a rivers source as throughflow and surface runoff causes erosion at the point the water enters the river channel. . Hydraulic Action – the pressure of the water breaks rock particles away from the bed and the banks. Its strongest in rapids and waterfalls and during floods. 2. Abrasion (Corrasion) – eroded pieces of rock in the water scrape and rub against banks, removing material. Most erosion occurs this way. 3. Attrition – eroded rock smash into each other and break into smaller fragments. Their edges get rounded off as they rub together. Attrition doesn’t erode the bed and banks, just makes rock in river smaller and rounded. 4. Cavitation – air bubbles in turbulent stretches of water implode causing shockwaves that break pieces off the banks and bed 5. Corrosion (solution) - the dissolving of rock by chemical proces. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form a weak acid, which reacts with rock like limestone and chalk, breaking them down. Transportation Deposition: process of dropping ERODED material Occours when the river loses
