Encoding in Short-term and Long-term memory.
Cognitive Psychology: Human Memory Encoding in Short-term and Long-term memory Aim: * 1960's- Controversy concerning the nature of coding in memory. - Baddeley tested if acoustic coding (based on the sound of the word) is used in STM. -Semantic coding (based on the memory of the word) us used in LTM. * Research based on Conrad's research- 1964 - Argued STM encodes information acoustically -No clarification which code preferred by LTM * Baddeley- aimed to confirm Conrad's findings and establish understanding of LTM Procedure:- Laboratory experiment using independent measures design - 4 types of word list -first 2-experimental conditions -Other 2 - control conditions * Acoustically similar (e.g. meet/feet/sweet) * Semantically similar (e.g. neat/clean/tidy) * Acoustically dissimilar (e.g. hot/far/jam) * Semantically dissimilar (e.g. pen/jump/day) * Independent variable- type of word list (acoustically similar/dissimilar or semantically similar/dissimilar) * Dependent variable- number of substitution errors made (one item confused with another)- Indicates main form on encoding * Participants recalled common words readily-similar frequency words * Participants asked to recall words in same order of presentation immediately for STM/ after timed delay =LTM Findings * STM (immediate recall)- more substitution errors on acoustically similar lists than
Is Long Term Memory Functionally Distinct From Short Term Memory?
D.Hook 3/1/00 Is Long Term Memory Functionally Distinct From Short Term Memory? Due to both the ambiguity of the subject and the difficulty of researching it, memory has provided a great deal of controversy in the scientific world. This has been due to issues such as the type of encoding the mind employs in memory tasks, the time limits of storage and other such issues. It was only as recently as the late 1950's however that the question was raised over whether there could exist a separate long term and short term memory system and if so what the various functions of the two are. Peterson and Peterson (1959)1 were the first to come up with this Duplex Hypothesis as the result of an experiment into human memory. In this experiment they gave their participants a three consonant trigram (such as DNP) which was spoken to them to the beat of a metronome. Immediately after this the participant was presented with a three-digit number (in the same way) which they had to count back in threes from, again in time with the metronome. When a set signal was given the participant ceased counting and attempted to recall the original consonant trigram. In this experiment the counting was used as a distracter task which would prevent rehearsal of the original trigram by the participant (numbers were used instead of letters to avoid retroactive interference).
Outline three differences between short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).
Diana 12th November 2004 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY * Outline three differences between short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Duration Differences i.e. how long it lasts: - Information held in STM is lost rapidly when there is little or no opportunity to rehearse it since rehearsal would send the information into LTM and it will be easily recalled. This suggests that holding information in STM is only for a few seconds since holding information in STM is fragile and easily forgotten. Peterson and Peterson (1959) concluded this by asking participants to remember trigrams when not allowed to rehearse it. Unlike STM, information can be held in LTM for a long a long period of time and mostly forever. It is said that the elderly never forget their childhood memories. Bahrick, Bahrick and Witlinger (1975) carried out a study into LTM (where photographs of high school students were taken from the year and ex-students were asked to recall the names of the photographs. They found out that 90% of the names could still be remembered even after 34yrs. Encoding Differences: - Based on a study carried out by Baddeley (1966), there is evidence that STM is acoustically encoded i.e. encoding by the similarity of the sound of the words e.g. cat, mat, rat...etc, whereas LTM is semantically
Give a Brief Account of Different Characteristics of Short-Term Memory, Long-Term Memory and Evaluat
Give a Brief Account of Different Characteristics of Short-Term Memory, Long-Term Memory and Evaluate Research That Demonstrates These Differences. A memory in short-term memory (STM) does not last long, the duration is limited. It cannot hold a lot of information. The information it deals with is the immediate past and can only be held for a short period of time without rehearsal. The information tends do be encoded acoustically most of the time. Long-term memory (LTM) deals with information from the distant past. It can hold information, theoretically, from two minutes to last the whole of the person's life. The capacity of LTM is unlimited; therefore it is able to hold an unlimited amount of information. The information tends to be encoded semantically most of the time. Baddeley's study on encoding in STM and LTM (1966) proved that the STM tends to be encoded acoustically and LTM tends to be encoded semantically. In the STM study, the list of acoustically similar words was recalled worst, therefore showing that STM would encode information on an acoustic basis. The criticism in this was that STM uses other ways to encode information. Visual images, such as faces would be hard to encode in STM by means of sound. In the LTM study, the list that was worse recalled was the semantically similar words. This showed that LTM tends to encode information on a semantic basis. The
Describe two differences between Short term memory (STM) and Long term memory (LTM) in term of duration and capacity.
Psychology-Ms Wilson Rebecca Johnson Memory Q1. Describe two differences between Short term memory (STM) and Long term memory (LTM) in term of duration and capacity (3 marks) STM has duration of 3-18 seconds whereas the duration of LTM memory can last anything from a few minutes to a lifetime. The STM theory was supported by Peterson and Petersons Study (1959), which was their Trigram experiment. They attained this evidence by asking the participants to remember a single nonsense syllable of three consonants i.e. KPD. They were then given another task to do to stop them rehearsing the trigram. Their recollect was tested after 3,6,9,12,15,18 seconds and the recall had to be in correct order to count. They discovered that 80% of participants recalled the trigrams very well after 3 seconds, but this dropped dramatically to 10 % after 18 seconds. The supporting evidence for the duration of LTM was brought about by Ebbinghaus who tested his memory using nonsense syllables after delays ranging from 20 minutes to 31 days later and found that a large proportion of the information in LTM was lost comparatively quickly, i.e. in the first hour and thereafter stabilised to a much slower rate of loss. Linton used a diary to record at least 2 everyday events from her life each day for 6 years and then she had to aimlessly test her later recall of them. The results were that there was
Short Term Memory & Long Term Memory. Capacty and duration of each and the results of experiments to test memory.
STM & LTM Capacity LTM has been considered by many scientists to have an unlimited capacity. It is possible to lost information from LTM by decay or interference, but this is not due to it's capacity. STM has a very limited capacity (storage space). An example this short capacity is if you are told a phone number, you can just about write it down with no delay. If there were some sort of distraction task or delay, the last figure in the number will be displaced. If the phone number is repeated, this acts as a rehearsal. However when new information is trying to get in (the distracter task) some of the numbers will be displaced from your STM. Another example of your STM's capacity is arithmetic. When faced with simple addition or subtraction, we normally have no problems working something out, however when faced with more complex formulas we start to struggle. This shows that our STM can only perform a small number of processes at one time. Many psychologists have performed experiments to try and obtain a better understanding on the capacity of our STM. One of those is George Miller. He conducted a test he called 'The magical number 7, plus or minus 2.' In which he discovered that it is more manageable to remember a series of letters if they are broken down into 'chunks' of 3 each. The reason is that instead of learning different letters, you are now remembering the
Long term memory function
Psychology Charlotte Bellis-Ferreira Exam Questions 1 & 2 . Long term memory function is quite different than the limited short term store. There does not seem to be any limit on the quantity of information that can be stored and, once it is stored, it requires little conscious activity such as rehearsal to keep it accessible. However, it often does take some conscious activity to recall some information. Importantly, long term memory depends very much on relationships and structure. It is easy to store away and later retrieve some fact if it relates clearly to something we already know. Things that are completely novel or meaningless are very difficult to remember using long term memory. Short term memory is the retention of information that undergoes little processing or interpretation and can be recalled for only a few seconds. Short-term memory can retain about seven items.. A popular example of short-term memory is the ability to remember a seven-digit telephone number just long enough to dial a call. In most cases, unless the number is consciously repeated several times, it will be forgotten. This is what one might expect given the enormous quantities of information we all carry around with us. We all know the meaning of many thousand words and phrases, we know procedures for
psycology- short term memory
Psychology assignment On short term memory The Memory Game This investigation was carried out on my own and a ten year olds Short Term Memory. Ten flash cards were selected from a flash card pack, hence it was a non acoustic, non semantic, non phonetic test. The first test carried out after a quick glance at the words, later both individuals looked at the cards for a minute covered them and wrote down what could be remembered. Soon after that we had a five minute rest, and tried to remember the words again. The objective of this assignment is to see whose memory functions better and to see which method has succeeded in getting the short term memory into long term memory. This investigation is based on Baddeley (1966), within his study, he tested the STM, participants were asked to recall the words immediately. Long Term Memory participants were asked to recall the words after a timed delay. Method: A child between the age of 6 and 12 was selected, in this case a 10 year old boy, M was selected. Ten random word cards were selected from a flash card pack. Individuals saw the cards at a quick glance, the card were then covered, and then they wrote down all the words they could remember. The process was repeated but this time, individuals could observe the cards for one minute, using a stop watch. Again, the cards were covered then individuals wrote all the words that could
Categorisation in Long-Term Memory
Categorisation in Long-Term Memory Introduction Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) designed the multi-store model of memory suggesting that we have three different memory stores and that information must be rehearsed and encoded to move through each stage, the long-term memory having the largest capacity and where memory is coded semantically. This supports that there is in fact a short-term memory and a long-term memory. The study I have chosen is based on memory from the cognitive approach to psychology. Content that is stored in our long-term memory should be well arranged so that it can be retrieved easily. Without organising material, information in the brain would be less accessible to recall. Items in the long-term memory must be grouped together according to their meanings or recovering that information would be very difficult. Support for this are in the paragraphs below. Studies which involve free recall allow participants to recall material in any order they wish. By doing this you can see how much material is actually grouped by its meaning in the long-term memory. Bower et al (1969) showed 2 groups a list of the same 112 words. The first group had the words organised in a hierarchy and were able to remember 65% of the words listed. The second group had the words listed randomly and thus was only able to recall 18% of the words. This implies that the
The Short term memory.
Psychology Homework Question 1 With temporal duration the material held in the STM is relatively short-lived. Baddely and Hitch (1974) suggested that information may survive in the phonological loop for two seconds. Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) believed it may last a little longer, although only a matter of a few seconds. Many psychologists believe that memories in the LTM are permanent, and the work of Penfield (1969), and studies of memories recovered through hypnosis would appear to support this idea. However this evidence was shown to be unreliable when examined more critically. Even so it is apparent that LTM is durable and that some memories last a lifetime. With storage capacity Miller (1956) proposed that STM was capable of storing 7 plus or minus 2 items or chunks of information at a time. Baddely and Hitch (1974) suggested that the Phonological Loop is capable of holding the amount of material that can be remembered within a two second time span: that capacity is time limited, rather than space limited as suggested by Miller.The capacity of LTM is generally considered to be infinite. With the forgetting mechanism Broadbent (1958) suggested that trace decay was the primary cause of forgetting from the STM. Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) although recognize the role of trace decay in forgetting, suggested that, due to the limited capacity of the STM,
