Discuss the suggestion that the problems of urban areas in economically less developed countries (ELDCs) are more likely to get worse than to improve.

Geography S Paper Discuss the suggestion that the problems of urban areas in economically less developed countries (ELDCs) are more likely to get worse than to improve. It is generally believed that urban areas in ELDCs will suffer for worsening problems, even as economic activities and capital formation increase. The unique urban problems that urban areas face in ELDCs include urban sprawl, congestion(traffic and people), lack of infrastructure (clean water, housing, roads, transport, etc) and pollution. This essay will discuss why this trend of worsening problems is more likely by examining the factors that exacerbate these problems. In addition, this essay will also discuss a few more general problems that is more likely to worsen, paying attention to environmental impacts. There are several key processes and factors responsible for the worsening of problems in ELDCs. The first major factor is the rapid increase in rural to urban migration. This process occurs because the growing prosperity and economic growth in urban areas of ELDCs are hotspots that attract a large volume of rural migrants in search of better standards of living and job opportunities. The lack of barriers to the urban areas, coupled with poor methods of boundary restrictions in ELDCs, results in the uncurbed influx of low-skilled rural migrants who by their sheer size alone cause physical congestion.

  • Word count: 1721
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Geography
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Low Inflation

Low inflation over the past decade Introduction The last ten years has produced the lowest average level of inflation for decades which has been fantastic for the UK economy. This report will elaborate on what we mean by inflation as the persistent increase in the price levels in the economy and will also be looking at the causes of inflation such as demand-pull inflation, cost-push inflation, and expectations of inflation. All with the knowledge that inflation is a macroeconomic problem faced by nations. Measuring inflation as the rate of inflation annually is also explained. In assessing why inflation has been so low we shall look at the various scenario that have helped keep inflation low such as tight margins in the distribution sector, fall in domestic and imported goods prices, and the use of policies by the government to control inflation. Such policies include fiscal policy, monetary policy, inflation targeting, and supply side policy. The main inflationary pressures in the economy have also been outlined like the rising oil prices, the rising food prices and the rapid economic growth. The economic effects of high levels of inflation are included to explain the cost of inflation such as redistribution of income and reduced economic growth. Economics and Macroeconomics Economics as I know is the social science which deals the production of goods and service with

  • Word count: 2623
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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Does the developed world have a moral responsibility towards the under developed world?

Does the developed world have a moral responsibility towards the under developed world? Poverty has been a topic that has causes many discussions for generations. Are wealthy countries responsible for constantly giving money and aid to the people in poverty or should they help they help the third world to stand on their own two feet? People naturally think that third world was always poor but never stop to think how they became that way. In fact the truth is that we made it like that with slavery and wars. So is not it our responsibility to help them? Currently the situation in the underdeveloped is looking bitter, with millions of people dieing from HIV aids and starvation there is still a lack of aid reaching them. The famine that is expected in the coming year is predicted to starve many more people. Organisations like SCIAF (Scottish Catholic International Aid Fund) are trying their best to tackle this problem. SCIAF's visions a world in which all people, especially the poor and oppressed, those who are in poverty should have the same opportunity to live life and live it to the full but the underdeveloped world is struggling to live life at all. SCIAF's campaigns looks at debt relief and structural adjustment while other organisations like Fairtrade focuses on only making the underdeveloped world have a fair wage for their work so that they can slowly crawl its way out

  • Word count: 1178
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Religious Studies (Philosophy & Ethics)
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Low Cost Rivals

LEARNING OBJECTIVE: To gain familiarity with strategies companies can use to fight low-cost rivals. According to budgetairliners.com, the concept of providing low cost services can be traced in the airline industry of the United States in 1971, by the Southwest Airlines. The idea behind the said airline was very simple: to offer no-frills service to its customers by providing the lowest possible prices on its flight. Since then, the emergence of low-cost business providers has carved its own way in today's market. For some, it has managed to compete with head-to-head with household names in the industry, as that of Aldi, a small retail outlet in Germany that managed to make it big worldwide as mentioned in the case. Very true indeed, price wars eventually developed in the early in the 1990s not only in the wholesale-retail industry, even extending to hospitals, insurance services, pharmaceuticals, and the like. With the presence of these low-cost business providers, a new form of competition is being created, changing the views of executives in the twentieth century. What is academic on the Kumar's point-of-view that his research shows that ignoring cut-price rival is a mistake because it eventually forces the companies to vacate entire market segments. And that companies only have three (3) options in competing with low-cost rivals: First, is to attack directly,

  • Word count: 1546
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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"Is Australia's low birth rate a matter of concern?"

Name - Emma Kitney Student ID - 3025222 Tutorial Time - Friday 10am Word Count - 1744 Topic - "Is Australia's low birth rate a matter of concern?" Australia, similar to most other developed countries today, has a low birth rate. This in turn has implications for the future of the nation in terms of economics, government policy and social structure. The purpose of this essay is to present some of the issues associated with low birth rates and how Australia will be affected in the future. It argues the point that the current fertility levels should not be considered a crisis, nor a huge concern as long as the economy and government policies are managed appropriately to cater for the future needs of Australian society. What will cause the low birth rates to be of greater concern is if the rates slip even further and project Australia into a state of population decline, as this has many serious implications and is also extremely difficult to reverse. The current Total Fertility Rate (TFR) for Australia is approximately 1.7 births per woman.(Khoo, 2003: p41) When compared to other developed countries, this rate is relatively low. Low fertility has implications for a population in areas such as sustainability, population demographic and the economy. This paper looks at some of these issues and how they could potentially affect Australian society at the current low

  • Word count: 2073
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Social studies
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Has Urbanisation developed too fast?

Urbanisation has transformed vastly throughout history. Ancient societies, such as China were the first exhibitors of the population trends. Over the last 100 years many developing and developed countries have experienced these rapid urbanisation growth trends. At the turn of the 20th century only 13% of the world's population were urban dwellers. Presently over 3 billion of the world's population, approximately 50%, now habit in urban areas.(1) In the late 19th Century and early 20th century urbanisation was most widely felt in Europe and North America, when many rural settlers migrated to urban areas to seek employment during the industrialisation era. In the past 60 years the rural-urbanisation migration has had a large impact on LDCs. Interestingly GNI per capita tends to be positively associated with urban population. Showing, as countries increase income, they tend to evolve in to urbanisation.(2) What has caused this shift in population demography? Many rural areas in the LDC world experience a significant lack of resources. Often there is little government assistance, jobs are scarce and basic needs are hard to come by. In many rural habitations in the developing world, the population doesn't look far beyond survival. Rural settlers become attracted to the prospect of urban habitation through assumptions of better standard of living, better health care, better

  • Word count: 1373
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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"Food shortages in Developing (less developed) countries are due at least as much to social and economic factors as they are to physical disasters" Discuss this view using a range of examples.

Agriculture Essay "Food shortages in Developing (less developed) countries are due at least as much to social and economic factors as they are to physical disasters" Discuss this view using a range of examples. Food shortages in developing countries are due at least to social and economic factors as they are to physical factors is a fair comment to make as many of the physical disasters which occur in developing countries can also occur in developed countries. However it is rare to find a case of a developed country having food shortages due to a physical disaster. Therefore there must be a reason that the developing countries suffer in positions which developed countries do not. Simply, the developing countries do not have the infrastructure or the resources to cope with a physical disaster in the same way that a developed country does. This therefore leads to further problems, one of the most obvious and well publicised is food shortages. The reason for this is partly due to the fact that the governments in developing countries is not very efficient or is corrupt which causes problems to the economy of the country. An example of where the government has not helped with the problem of food shortages is in Bangladesh. Although the initial cause of a food shortage there was because much of Bangladesh is low lying (some even below sea level) and makes up the deltas of the

  • Word count: 1618
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Design & Technology
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This investigation will try to test the level of external debt and measure its impact upon the least economicly developed countries economy.

INTRODUCTION .1 The increasing burden of external debt in the least economic developed countries has been a widely discussed topic in the international community. However, some concepts are shared by most of the economists, being this a reality in third world country economies. Without a doubt, the increasing flow of external resources from rich countries to poor countries, has contributed, in some cases, to impulse economic development and accelerate economic growth. However, it is also evident that an increase in the amount of external debt and the hardening of its financial conditions has resulted in a net outflow of payments, mainly capital plus interest, which has slowed down economic development. The logical consequence has been an increase in the external debt; a problem that has worsened since these additional resources have not been used in social projects whereas in the long run, the benefits are higher than the costs (interest rate). Twenty two years later, Ecuador is still unable to adequately develop its economy, thus making it necessary to question whether its situation is caused by the high stock of external debt. With this said, does Ecuador's External hinder economic development? .2 On the other hand, an international market of capitals developed rapidly, represented among others by private banks, whose funds have been added to the already existing

  • Word count: 5118
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Economics
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Discuss Colliers view of the natural resource trap that countries that are rich in natural resources are less developed than those that are not so well endowed (20 marks)

Sam Larlham 13AMA F585: Development Economics Discuss Collier’s view of the ‘natural resource trap’ that countries that are rich in natural resources are less developed than those that are not so well endowed (20 marks) The natural resource trap is an idea proposed by Paul Collier, a development economist, in his book The Bottom Billion. The paradoxical suggestion that countries rich in natural resources are less developed than those that are not is one of great debate, where many variables must be considered. One factor that supports Collier’s view is to do with government revenue. In many developing economies, there is a high level of government planning and as such, many natural resource exporting companies are nationalised. This means that much of the export revenue generated by the natural resources goes to the government. Equally, in economies where these companies are not necessarily state owned, the government can still generate large amounts of revenue on tariffs paid by importers for the resources. These two aspects mean that the government does not have to tax its citizens, or if so only at a small rate. Whilst this may benefit the disposable income of the domestic population, it can mean that policymakers have less financial accountability to their citizens. This can cause issues with corruption, or mean that fiscal spending is not

  • Word count: 598
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Economics
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What keeps the crime rate low, in a low-crime society ? Focus your answer on one particular low crime society but draw relevant contrasts with one high crime society.

What keeps the crime rate low, in a low-crime society ? Focus your answer on one particular low crime society but draw relevant contrasts with one high crime society. Crime is considered to be a normal social fact in high crime societies (Garland, 2000) and soaring rates are the result of industrialisation and a new era of technology. Comparative criminology can investigate this statement by taking into account the socially constructive nature of crime and its cultural variety. It can help to benefit societies with high crime rates through gaining knowledge of those with lower rates and their implementation of justice. Japan is a prosperous society that enjoys low rates of crime and consequently has acquired a great deal of interest among western criminologists hoping to understand why. There are a number of factors that can be attributed to Japan's apparent success in tackling crime and this essay will explore them in detail whilst comparing strategies and agencies with the U.S. It will reflect upon environmental, economic and cultural factors as determinants, emphasising the impact of culture on keeping rates low. It will then go on to examine the effectiveness of Japan's CJS and the famous Koban before a detailed evaluation of the success of reintegrative shaming as a deterrence from criminal activity. Eventually it will analyse the credibility of the statistics and

  • Word count: 2531
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Social studies
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