What are the advantages and disadvantages of legalizing drugs
What are the advantages and disadvantages of legalizing drugs Because of addiction and all the related problems, the law prohibits the sale, purchase and use of drugs. Both the individuals and the society are thus protected. But this law has given rise to a very unhealthy situation. The secret production, sale and consumption of drugs have taken alarming proportion worldwide. Drug related problems have considerably increased. Recently some people, including some important personalities, have suggested that drugs are legalized so as to solve these problems. But the authorities are reticent. In fact, legalization of drugs contains both disadvantages and advantages. One advantage of legalizing drugs is evidently the immediate disappearance of the drug cartels and all forms of drug trafficking. If drugs are legally available - for example on medical prescription for the addicts - the trafficker will lose their trade and the prices will fall. The immense sense of humour generated by the illicit drug trade and which are launched in several ways are a source of social and economic problems in many countries. Traffickers will no longer become rich on the backs of poor drugs addict on the streets of cities. Already, the legalization of some soft drugs like cannabis in Holland, for example, has given some degree of healthiness to drug taking. Another advantage deriving naturally from
Outline and evaluate two or more theories of bystander behaviour.
Outline and evaluate two or more theories of altruism and/or bystander behaviour. Within pro and anti-social behaviour, there is the idea of bystander behaviour. This refers to how people react in different situations. In times of need some people freeze, some act, some scream with fear, and these are all examples of bystander behaviour. There are a few theories as to why people will behave as they do when presented with different situations. When considering bystander behaviour, it is important to hold a particular view of altruism in mind-that people helping is, essentiality a selfish action, for example Aronson et al., 1997, "That was the very essence of selfishness. I should have had no peace of mind all day had I gone on and let that suffering old sow worrying over those pigs." (Please note this is an adaptation of the original research) The first such model was devised by Piliavin et al., 1981, and was called the bystander-calculus model, or cost/arousal model. It attempted to explain some of the psychological and cognitive factors involved in bystander behaviour. This model only applies to emergency situations. It states that, when faced with an emergency, a bystander goes through five stages. The first is cognitive awareness of need- does the bystander perceive the situation as an emergency and does he/she have an understanding of the possible need of the people
To what extent will does correlation and extrapolation assist Nintendo in forecasting sales?
To what extent will does correlation and extrapolation assist Nintendo in forecasting sales? (34 marks) Correlation is the relationship between two variables. Extrapolation is related to correlation, as it involves plotting a linear regression curve (also known as a line of best fit) which is based upon how two variables are correlated, and extending the line to predict future values. For Nintendo, a computer game and console manufacturing company, a common example would be the relationship between the level of advertising expenditure and the effect of this on sales of its products. The graph to the left shows a strong positive correlation between sales and advertising, meaning if Nintendo increases its advertising, they can expect to see an increase in sales. Because all values are close to the line, as advertising expenditure increases on the x-axis, sales on the y-axis increase proportionately. The regression line can be extended past the '80' figure (meaning £80million) to predict what sales will be like if they spend £100million or even £900million. The uses of such analysis to Nintendo are to an extent very valuable. By creating a scatter graph like the one above, Nintendo can spot trends and forecast future events. For example, they could estimate demand at a certain point in the coming year. One would expect demand to surge at Christmas time when people are
Describe factors which may influence communication and interpersonal interactions
Task 3 - Describe factors which may influence communication and interpersonal interactions with particular reference to health and social care settings Communication and language needs and preferences Health carers communicating with patients who are hearing and visually impaired have effective ways of communicating. People who are hearing impaired use sign language to communicate with each other, however carers who don't use sign language, find that using symbols can make a huge difference when communicating. For example using Widget Literacy Symbols and Pictorial Communication System symbols can help a hearing-impaired person make choices and can increase involvement and confidence. A patient who is partly deaf may be able to read and write so it is useful to carry a notepad to communicate with them. There are two types of Communication passports; they are for people who have communication difficulties. Type 1 communication passport contains information about all aspects of a person's life, this is helpful as it enables the person to make decisions and have their own say. Type 2-communication passport is information on the person's health. This is useful as it keeps an up to date diary on the person's health needs and can be accessed and changed at anytime according to their health status. Types of communication aids are; * charts with pictures, symbols, letters or
Compare and contrast the structures/ultrastructures of cells
On a basic level it could be argued that plant and animal cells are similar in many ways, the key differences being that plant cells generally have a greater number of different organelles. However, with powerful electron microscopes, we can now look very closely into the fine details of a cell, correctly termed the 'ultrastructure' of a cell. From the powerful zoom levels of Transmission Electron Micrographs (TEM) we not only see the basic structure of a cell, like the nucleus and the cell membrane, but the more minute sections of a cell. There are more complex differences between plant and animal cells, unlike those that are more basically identified, like cell walls and chloroplasts which are found only in plant cells. In contrast to this, the similarities become evident only when the cells are looked at more closely. For example both plant and animal cells contain organelles, each one being assigned to a particular job. This is called 'division of labour'. This type of cell, where the nucleus is inside a nuclear envelope, and has other membrane-bound organelles, is called a eukaryotic cell.1There are new differences that can be discovered from using a more powerful microscope. Although both animal and plant cells have cytoskeletons, centrioles are only found in the cytoskeletons of animal cells, and form the fibres, known as the spindle, which move chromosomes during
How Does Napoleon Take and Maintain Control Of Animal Farm?
How Does Napoleon Take and Maintain Control Of Animal Farm? George Orwell's character Napoleon is a very clever and sly animal. He uses several methods to take and maintain control of the farm. His primary methods are by using fear, by exploiting the animal and by bending the rules. Napoleon uses is intellect to good effect as far as self-interest is concerned. Napoleon instills fear as a way of giving the animal no chance to argue about what he says. This allows him to run the farm in his own manner and gives him a more confortable life than the other animals. Early on in Animal Farm, Napoleon takes Jessie and Bluebells nine newborn puppies. These puppies become the forefront of his campaign of fear. He uses them to gain power by eliminating his nemesis, Snowball "They dashed straight for Snowball...he slipped through a hole in the hedge and was seen no more." Also, Napoleon used the dogs in the public forum he created by setting an example of what would happen to those animals who chose to disobey him. When it was revealed that some of the animals had done things to side with the Snowball, Napoleon executed them in front of everyone else. Orwell's character Squealer was given a great ability to speak, this helped Napoleon get out of sticky situations and inscribe fear into the animals' heads all at once. When any of the animals questioned any of Napoleons actions, he
Describing the Rules and Aids to Statute interpretation. Including Advantages and Disadvantages.
Briefly describe the aids to interpretation used by judges. There are two types of aids that judges can use to interpret statutes, these are Intrinsic and Extrinsic. Intrinsic Aids are connected to the wording and/or punctuation within the Act itself. If using the Intrinsic Aid to interpret an Act of Parliament they will either examine the statute as a whole or study the relevant parts to see if they can define the overall purpose of the legislation. They may find that an interpretation of a certain section of the legislation would lead to an absurd result when another section is also taken into account. All legislations have both a shortened title and a long title. With Intrinsic Aids, they need to look at both to help resolve doubt. The long title can be examined as part of the whole context. Said by Lord Simon in the case: The Black-Clawson 1975 the long title should be read as part of the context 'as the plainest of all the guides to the general objectives of a statute'. Furthermore, headings, side notes and punctuation are important as it may help the judges clarify some points of the whole Act. Preambles can also be important when considering the wording etc within an Act as they will generalise the mischief to be amended and the scope of it. Extrinsic Aids, on the other hand, deal with external matters, outside of the legislation, to help explain the meaning and
Compare and contrast the main approaches - Biological and Behaviourist, biological and cognitive, Psychodynamic and Behaviourist.
Compare and Contrast the Psychodynamic and Cognitive approaches in terms of similarities and differences. [12 Marks] The cognitive and psychodynamic approaches have many similarities and differences; these include debates in nature and nurture, the usefulness of these approaches, deterministic and scientific/non scientific. The psychodynamic approach takes into account both nature and nurture, however the cognitive approach has failed to recognise the influence of nature and nurture. Freud claimed that adult personality is the product of innate drives (nature) and childhood experiences (nurture). These innate drives include the structure of the personality, Id, ego and superego as well as the psychosexual development every child passes through. If a child does not pass through these processes successfully it could lead to abnormalities in behaviour. The cognitive approach has carried out research into intelligence but has not looked at the influence of genes in its research or environmental factors (such as wealth) that could influence intelligence. Therefore this clearly indicates that both approaches are different in terms of nature and nurture. The cognitive approach is useful and has been applied successfully in therapy. As one of the core assumptions of the cognitive approach is that mental processes influence our behaviour, therefore if these process are
Assess the successes and failures of Mussolini's domestic policy.
Assess the successes and failures of Mussolini's domestic policy. Mussolini's primary aim in 1919 when he came into power was to fascitise the Italian nation as a whole, young and old; he wanted his nation to be utterly committed and disciplined towards the new fascist state rather than being passive and going along with everyone else. To achieve this goal, Mussolini set about trying to influence and ultimately change make domestic establishments more 'fascist', that is, to follow the principles of a very right-wing, nationalist totalitarian state in which the 'Duce is always right' and in which the principles of 'Believe, Obey, Fight' are considered paramount. Mussolini attempted to alter Church-state relations, to create the perfect fascist woman, to fascitise the educational system and the youths of Italy, to change Italy's economic and political structure, and to create a nation that would be respected by other nations, by using his strategies of the 'battle for land, grain and births' and by proving the strength of the nation through sporting achievements. However, Mussolini's policies failed to unite the country and fascitise the nation as a whole; his economic polices were disastrous, Italy was fairly weak politically, and women and teenagers failed to be heavily affected by a fascist state; Mussolini did handle the Church-State relations well however but in the
Components of aggregate demand and its benefits.
Karolina Duda 2F Explain the components of AD (aggregate demand) and evaluate the extent to which an increase in AD is beneficial for the economy. Aggregate demand is the total demand for goods and services in the economy at a given price level during a specific time period. An aggregate demand curve is the sum of individual demand curves as it shows how much all consumers, business and government are willing to spend on goods and services at given price levels and it outlines the relationship between income or output and the price level. Aggregate demand curve is downward sloping (higher the price, lower the demand). There are four major components of aggregate demand: consumption (C), investment (I), government expenditure (G) and net exports (NX), which is the imports and exports balance (X-M). According to this, the equation for aggregate demand is: AD = C + I + G + NX. Factors forming AD: ** CONSUMPTION is the demand by households and unattached individuals for durables and non-durable goods. It is expressed as function of disposable income (amount of money left to consumers after taxes are paid), which is income - taxes (Y-T). It is because only that amount of money can be spent on goods. ** INVESTMENTS is the demand by business firms and some individuals, for new factories, machinery, computer software, education, housing, other structures and inventories.
