When was the first fortification built on the site, and why was it chosen by the Romans?
When was the first fortification built on the site, and why was it chosen by the Romans? The Romans decided to build a series of 'Saxon shore forts' to defend the south coast from the Saxons. Evidence shows (mainly from coins) that Portchester castle was built at the end of 3rd Century AD. Portchester was a perfect place for the Romans to build a fort for many reasons. Portchester Castle was built on a promontory. This was perfect for the Romans because it would dramatically slim the chances of the Saxons invading. The Castle sticks out into the sea with a good view. The only way and invaders could invade would either be to cross the marsh that was Portsmouth or from in-land. Another reason Portchester was built where it was because of the extremely deep harbour. The deep harbour was perfect for the Royal Navy's fleet to dock. At present time, the harbour is not deep at all because of silt. Over many hundreds of years Portchester harbour has silted up and become un-useable. The Saxon shore forts were dotted along the south-east coast of England. A table follows of the Roman names of the 'Saxon shore forts' Brancaster Branodunum Richborough Rutupiae Burgh Castle Gariannonum Dover Dubris Walton Castle (?) * Lympne Lemannis Bradwell Othona Pevensey Anderida Reculver Regulbium Portchester Portus Adurni *I could not find any information on the Roman name
Human Resource Management (HRM).
Human Resource Management (HRM) is concerned with the management of people within an organisation. 'HRM has emerged from Personnel Management' (Graham et al, 1998, p. 3), however, Guest (1989) states that HRM is simply the re- titling of Personnel Management (PM) and Foley et al (1999) states that HR practitioners needed to shred the 'Cinderella image' in a quest for professional recognition. The comparison of HRM and PM literature yields slight differences between their definitions. Graham (1998, p. 6) states, 'PM is practical, utilitarian and instrumental, and mostly concerned with the administration and implementation of policies. HRM, conversely, has strategic dimensions and involves the total deployment of human resources within a firm'. Several factors have effected the management of people over the past twenty years. To what extent has the development of HRM transformed employment management? The success of Japanese style management was recognised and analysed. The theories of their practices have been adopted by British organisations. Behavioural theorists like Hertzberg have studied employee motivation and commitment (Cowling, 1994). New technology, legal and political changes, privatisation of organisations and changes in contracts and working conditions all affected the role of the employment manager. Additionally, management became more involved with employees
How do the economic texts on slavery differ from the narratives on slavery, and why is it important to analyse this?
Claire Wyatt AFRAS Pam Shaw No. of words approx: 1300 How do the economic texts on slavery differ from the narratives on slavery, and why is it important to analyse this? In the introduction to his book Did Slavery Pay? (1971: xii), a collection of readings on the economic effects of slavery, Hugh G. J. Aitken discusses what we can learn from these texts. He says they 'have much to tell us about slavery, and about the plantation economy, and the South, but they have little to tell us about the black man' (1971: xii). To get a fuller understanding of the subject the narratives on slavery are extremely useful. They paint a vivid picture of what life was like for black men, women and children at the time. However it is important to keep in mind the differences between and the limitations of both these kinds of sources. Both types raise questions of bias and reliability. Everyone who gives an account of history does so with a purpose. We must carefully analyse each source and make clear what we can and cannot learn from it. The economic accounts of slavery are presented as objective. 'Facts' and figures are used to analyse the profitability of slavery. Ernest Williams, for example in From Columbus to Castro: the history of the Caribbean, 1492-1969 (1970) provides a lot of numerical data detailing the rise and fall of slavery. How accurate these figures are is an important
Reliance Industries PLC - company overview and recommendations
Contents . Introduction 2 2. Executive summary 4 3. Environment Analysis 5 4. SWOT Analysis 9 4.1 Strengths 9 4.2 Weaknesses 10 4.3 Opportunities 10 4.4 Threats 11 5. Marketing Goals and Objectives 13 5.1 Marketing Goals 13 5.2 Marketing Objectives 13 6. Marketing Strategy 14 6.1 Target Markets 14 6.2 Marketing Mix Elements 15 6.21 Price 15 6.22 Place 16 6.23 Promotion 16 6.24 Distribution 16 7. Marketing implementation control 17 8. Conclusion and Recommendation 18 9. Bibliography 19 . Introduction According to the case, Reliance Industries PLC is a UK based manufacture of mainly suspension and braking parts for the automotive industry. Five years ago, the company purchased the loss-making Ashton and Shaw UK ltd, primarily a manufacture of electrical sub-assemblies for the automotive sector. As a result of significant investment in new technology and a change of management, Reliance turned this once ailing business into a profitable "cash-cow". However, in recent times both Reliance Industries PLC and Ashton and Shaw UK Ltd have begun to lose sales to low-cost competitors and recently both lost long-standing, medium-sized accounts. In order to keep the other key accounts, this report is about to research the global marketplace for the business sector and develop a revised strategic and tactical marketing plan. Kolter (2003) noted that the strategic
Globalisation - Reality or Hype: Does it Matter?
GLOBALISATION - Reality or Hype: Does it Matter? INTRODUCTION 'The World is a smaller place' Is it? If the World is shrinking, what implications does it have for business and their strategic development? Along side the increasing pace of change (Pucik, p.1) has been the realisation of a phenomenon, which has become known as 'globalisation'. The change in the pace of change has profoundly effected the time dimension of strategy. The development of globalisation has resulted in a re-evaluation of the geographic dimensions of strategy. Academics have realised that there have been some essential changes in World economies, which includes the emergence of globalisation, "The talk today is of the 'changing world economy'. I wish to argue that the Worlds economy is not 'changing', it has already changed - in its foundations and in its structure - and in all probability the change is irreversible." (Drucker, 1986, p.768) Globalisation has developed from the internationalisation of organisations. Internationalisation is effectively the spread of activities across international boundaries, whereas globalisation, although derived from internationalisation, implies are more fundamental integration of activities on a global scale. (Dicken, 1992, p.1) "Global strategy is a process of world-wide integration of strategy formulation and implementation. In contrast, a
Cache level 3 unit four - explain how strategies to establish and maintain healthy, safe and secure environments in early years settings are supported by legislation
Unit Four Task one E1 & D1: explain how strategies to establish and maintain healthy, safe and secure environments in early years settings are supported by legislation * Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 * Reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences regulations 1995 All employers have legal responsibilities under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. Employers must meet certain rules to make sure everyone in that place of work is safe. It also means employees have to be careful that there are no risks of injury to anyone. In a childcare setting the Health and Safety Act states "buildings should be in good condition and designed with the safety of users in mind, buildings and surroundings should be clean and safe and equipment must be safely used and stored." As practitoners, everyone in the childcare setting must know what their health and safety policies in their settings are. This act helps maintain healthy, safe and secure environments as it safeguards both the children and the adults working with them, this is done as the employers and employees have to ensure the workplace is safe and appropriate information such as training and supervision should be made available. In my setting, to follow this act, we ensure that all children in our building are safe and have a secure environment, to do this we have certain security arrangements in place, we have
Tesco, just like all businesses must operate using their functional areas. Without these areas there would be no business. The main functional areas which take place within Tesco are: Finance, Human resources, Marketing, and Administration.
Tesco, just like all businesses must operate using their functional areas. Without these areas there would be no business. The main functional areas which take place within Tesco are: * Finance * Human resources * Marketing * Administration Finance The Finance Department in Tesco is used to keep records of what money Tesco is currently working with. They will provide all other functional areas with the money they need to run. The Finance Department within Tesco is run by the chief accountant. The Accounts section are responsible for many things. They control all money paid in and out of Tesco. This area presents all final accounts and are responsible for the sources and use of funds. These funds may be used for such things as designing a new product or store etc. Wages and relevant records are prepared in this department as well as credit records for customers/suppliers. The Finance and Accounts department measure the financial performance of Tesco over the years and prepare financial reports on their findings. This would also be the area which would be in charge of most financial planning. This department is also responsible for the sources and use of the funds that they have. These funds would be used to improve the business or even just to keep it running. The Finance and Accounts Department control tow main functions: * Financial Accounting *
Using examples from current newspapers to illustrate your argument, what are the strengths and weaknesses of Marxist theories of the state?
Using examples from current newspapers to illustrate your argument, what are the strengths and weaknesses of Marxist theories of the state? The state is made up of a combination of major social institutions that organize and regulate British society "The state consists of that set of centralized and interdependent social institutions concerned with passing laws, implementing and administrating those laws and providing the legal machinery to enforce compliance with them." (Abercrombie and Ward, 2000) The state, consequently, is a central authority exercising legitimate control over a given territory and which can use political violence against either its own citizens or other states to enforce that control. Marxism is a sociological perspective based on the ideas of Karl Marx (1818-1883). For Marxists, the system we live in (which he called capitalism) divides everyone up into two basic classes: bosses and workers. Marx called the bosses the bourgeoisie or ruling class - because they controlled society - and the workers he called the proletariat. The ruling class benefit in every way from how society operates, whilst the workers get far less than they deserve. The state, as it is today, is a result of a long historical process in which power has effectively transferred from the monarchy to the people. Karl Marx (1876) described the state as a "committee for managing
What happens when a valued employee leaves the job only to set upa business in competition with the former employer?
In this paper I will shed light upon the impact of requiring employees to sign an employment agreement that they will not work competitors for a specific period of time or reveal internal company information to subsequent employers. What happens when a valued employee leaves the job only to set up a business in competition with the former employer? The New York case of DoubleClick v. Henderson1 illustrates some of the pitfalls of attempting to compete with one's employer where trade secrets and confidential information are concerned. DoubleClick, which sells advertising on the Internet, sued two of its former key employees, David Henderson Jr. and Jeffrey A. Dickey, after both decided to launch a competing business. Both Henderson and Dickey had entered into confidentiality agreements upon employment with the advertising firm of Bozell, Jacobs, Kenyon & Eckhardt Inc., which later merged with DoubleClick. Dickey also entered into an agreement that restricted him from competing with his former employer, Bozell-later DoubleClick, for one year after leaving his job there. As important employees in the organization, Henderson and Dickey had access to certain allegedly confidential information. DoubleClick found out about their plans to compete and sought a preliminary injunction to bar them from engaging in business activities in competition with DoubleClick. The
Examine why the first critics of Wuthering Heights thought the novel was subversive and shocking
Examine why the first critics of Wuthering Heights thought the novel was subversive and shocking. Wuthering Heights was first published in 1847 with the author's name given as Ellis Bell. Wuthering Heights was actually written by Emily Bronte, but she adopted a male alias as female authors rarely got published. Her work was praised for the imagination used, but criticised for its moral ambiguity. Wuthering Heights challenged Victorian ideals and this shocked its first critics. The fact that Emily Bronte felt the need to use a male alias is an indication of how she feared the public would receive her book. Wuthering Heights may be seen as shocking, as Bronte addresses many Victorian ideals with criticism. She does so with unusual characters with flaws and their amoral actions. For example, she challenges Victorian precept such as inequality of the sexes and social class. Bronte's novel also includes ghosts and unexplained dreams which would have disturbed Victorian critics. Religion is also implicitly criticised by Bronte at various points in the novel. Bronte uses literary devices, such as characterisation, language, motifs, and imagery to address themes and the first critics of Wuthering Heights would have found her criticisms scandalous. It is debateable under which genre Wuthering Heights should fall as the plot features many themes. It is often thought of as a gothic
