Investigation on the permeability of beetroot membrane when exposed to different concentration of detergent.

Investigation on the permeability of beetroot membrane when exposed to different concentration of detergent The membrane is a thin layer that forms the outer boundary of every living cell or of an internal cell compartment. The outer boundary is known the plasma membrane, and the compartments enclosed by internal membranes are called organelles. Biological membranes have a dual function: (1) They separate vital but incompatible metabolic processes conducted in the organelles and keep toxic substances out of the cell; and (2) They allow specific nutrients, wastes, and metabolic products to pass between organelles and between the cell and the outside environment. Membranes consist largely of a lipid bilayer, which is a double wall of phospholipid, cholesterol, and glycolipid molecules containing chains of fatty acids. Lipids give cell membranes a fluid character. The fatty-acid chains allow many small, fat-soluble molecules, such as oxygen, to permeate the membrane, but they repel large, water-soluble molecules, such as sugar, and electrically charged ions, such as calcium. Embedded in the lipid bilayer are large proteins, many of which transport ions and water-soluble molecules across the membrane. Some proteins in the plasma membrane form open pores, called membrane channels, which allow the free diffusion of ions into and out of the cell. Others bind to specific

  • Word count: 1766
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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how does Baz lurhmann re-present romeo and juliet to appeal to young modern audience?

A classic story of Romeo and Juliet set in a modern-day city of Verona Beach. The Montague's and Capulets are two feuding families, whose children meet and fall in love. They have to hide their love from the world because they know that their parents will not allow them to be together. There are obstacles on the way, like Juliet's cousin, Tybalt, and Romeo's friend Mercutio, and many fights. But although it is set in modern times, it is still the same timeless story of the "star crossed lovers". In Shakespeare's original play of 'Romeo and Juliet' the characters are white European (Italian). In Baz Lurhmann's film the characters are different ethnic origins. In Shakespeare's play Romeo, Juliet, Mercutio and Tybalt are white Europeans however Romeo and Juliet are white Americans, Mercutio is Black American and Tybalt is Hispanic. Baz Lurhmann chooses different ethnic origin because he wanted to target a wider audience and for his film to reflect modern society today. Baz Lurhmann changes the main settings of the play. The play was set in Verona, Italy. The film written by Baz Lurhmann was set on Verona beach in Los Angles America. Lurhmann has made the film like this so it is more exciting and that it would appeal to the teenage audience. Lurhmann changes some main location in the film, for example he has made the Capulet's castle into a mansion. Lurhmann did this to show the

  • Word count: 1363
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: English
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Biography on U2

Biography on U2 The band started when Larry Mullen put up an advert for creating a band at high school in Dublin in 1976. 4 friends joined up, and these were: * Paul Hewson (aka Bono Vox) * Dave Evans (aka The Edge) * Dik Evans * Adam Clayton Dick Evans soon left to join the Virgin Prunes. The name of the band: The name was originally "Feedback", then "The Hype" before they stuck on U2. The band got its first break in 1978 when they won a talent contest on S.t Patrick's Day in limerick. One of the judges was Jackie Heyden of CBS Records, he organized a demo session. This wasn't a great success as they were in-experienced but it was a start. U2's intense performances got them lots of followers, one of which was bill graham, who was a journalist with the magazine "Hot Press" he introduced them to their manager Patrick McGuiness, and their first professional contract with C.B.C Ireland soon followed their first single came out in September 1979 and a second came soon after. The band then signed a world-wide contract with island records in March 1980. Their first massive hit was "War" in March 1983. In April 1985 the "Rolling Stones" magazine dubbed U2 the band of the eighties so far. That summer U2 played in the Live Aid concert at Wembley Stadium in London, where there performance over-ran to about 12 minutes! Bono actually considered leaving the band at that point,

  • Word count: 924
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Media Studies
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How does Shakespeare create dramatic tension in Act 3 Scenes 3 and 4, in order to involve the Audience?

How does Shakespeare create dramatic tension in Act 3 Scenes 3 and 4, in order to involve the Audience? To identify the main events leading to Act 3 scenes three and four we only have to look at the soliloquies made by Iago. These can be found in Act 2 scene 1, Act 2 scenes 2 and 3. The first shows how Iago begins to think about trying to displace Cassio form his position "...to get his place..." and he will do this by tricking both Cassio and Othello, "In double knavery." After that he tells the audience that he will some how use Cassio's "smooth dispose" (charming manner) and that he will take advantage of Othello's "...free and open nature..." from this we see that Iago already has a semi formed plan which he will reveal further into the play. This is done in the second soliloquy where Iago develops the plan further. This is done by telling the audience that Cassio does loves Desdemona and it would not be too difficult for the other characters in the play to believe that she would love him back. He also tells us of the reasons behind his hatred of Othello. Iago appears to have created the idea that Othello has slept with his wife, Emelia, this is shown when he says that he suspects "...the lusty moor hath leaped into my seat," but this could also be in reference to Iago believing Othello has taken what should be Iago's place within the army. This along with Iago's idea

  • Word count: 1532
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: English
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Compare and Contrast the media techniques used to produce d-day landing on the "Saving Private Ryan" and "The Longest Day"

Compare and Contrast the media techniques used to produce d-day landing on the "Saving Private Ryan" and "The Longest Day" Seung-wook Lyeo The D-Day landing must have been one of the most brutal battles between the Americans and the Germans during the World War 2. Both "Saving Private Ryan" and "The Longest Day" were produced as films to represent the brutality of what the D-Day was like. However, although both films were similar in the perspective of the factual storyline, their standards of filming and production were different due to the time they were filmed. Darryl F. Zannuk filmed "The Longest day" in 1962 and Steven Spielberg filmed "Saving Private Ryan" in 1998. Zannuk created the film only after 18 years after the Second World War and the international affairs were still at its worst due to the cold war crisis. Therefore the brutality and the accuracy of the fighting in the film were more vague than Saving Private Ryan. From the information I gathered the movie seemed quite accurate. The German High Command was extremely confused during the early hours of the invasion. Also the scene showing an immense number of troops and the number advantage over the Germans turned out to be quite accurate rather than implying that, that scene was there to show patriotism of the Americans. The information I gathered said that the invasion force consisted of more than 5,000 ships,

  • Word count: 1702
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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The undying love between Romeo and Juliet expresses the many similarities between the lovers

LITERARY ANALYSIS OF ROMEO AND JULIET'S SIMILARITIES To be similar is to have common features among two or more things. Similarities are used to compare alike things. The characters Romeo and Juliet from the Shakespearean play Romeo and Juliet are comparable throughout their short lived relationship. Although strangers, they are drawn together by their mutual bond . The most distinct similarity between Romeo and Juliet is their undying love for one another. Both Romeo and Juliet have an intense love for each other that never weakens. Romeo and Juliet experience love at first sight when they meet each other at the Capulet's party. Romeo expresses his immediate physical attraction towards Juliet when he remarks, "This holy shrine ... my lips, two blushing, pilgrims, ready stand to smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss" ( I.iv.93-95 ). Juliet excitedly replies "Good pilgrim you do wrong your hand too much, which mannerly devotion shows in this for saints have hands that pilgrims hands do touch...[and has] holy palmers kiss" (I.iv.97-100). Romeo and Juliet have an overwhelming strength in their desire for one another when they declare their love in the balcony scene. Romeo proclaims his desire for Juliet when he says, "It is my lady, o it is my love" (II.i.10). Juliet's yearn for Romeo is revealed when she says "In truth fair Montague I am too fond" (II.ii.98). Romeo and

  • Word count: 959
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: English
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In 'Much Ado About Nothing', each of the principal characters have different attitudes and principals regarding marriage. However, before we individually explore each character's views, let's

What Impressions Would An Audience Have Of The Principal Characters' Attitudes to Marriage? Impressions are the 'marked images and effects made on the mind and senses'. A villain would never say 'I am evil' or 'I am a villain' during a performance, but from his words and actions, the audience would easily be able to reach that conclusion. It can be said that impressions are the shadows inspired by what is said and done, causing a reflection of a character' true personality. Such is the case in Shakespeare's 'Much Ado About Nothing'. That mentioned play is successful when acted out, partly due to its persuasive text and the subtle words that speak for each character's beliefs. In 'Much Ado About Nothing', each of the principal characters have different attitudes and principals regarding marriage. However, before we individually explore each character's views, let's explore the general Elizabethan theory about marriage, accepted by English (and Messinian) society at the time Marriage, to them, was a sacred union to be entered only with the utmost care, preferably with the parent's blessing. The ideal wife would be virtuous, modest and obedient while the ideal husband would be older, 'wiser' and able to control his wife and her views. Hero, a principal character in the play, qualified for the candidacy of an Elizabethan housewife, unlike Beatrice, who in the eyes

  • Word count: 1699
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: English
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How is Macbeth persuaded to kill Duncan?

How is Macbeth persuaded to kill Duncan? Macbeth was written in about 1605 and performed at Hampton Court in 1606 for King James I and his brother-in-law, King Christian of Denmark. It was premiered at The Globe Theatre like most of Shakespeare's plays. There can be little doubt that aspects of the play were intended to please James I, who was by this time the patron of Shakespeare's theatre group. For example, the character of Banquo, the legendary root of the Stuart family tree, is depicted very favourably, perhaps to please the king (a Stuart). The play is quite short, possibly because Shakespeare knew that James preferred short plays, and contains a supernatural element that James, who himself published a book on witches and how to detect them, would have appreciated. The material for the play was drawn from a real account in Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles, but Shakespeare and subsequent readers and editors classified it as a tragedy, not a history. This is perhaps due to the fact that the story contains many fabrications, including the entirely fictional character of Banquo. In addition to these fictionalizations, Shakespeare took many liberties with the original story, including manipulating the characters of Macbeth and Duncan to suit his purposes - pleasing King James. In Holinshed's account, Macbeth is a ruthless and valiant leader who, after killing Duncan, rules

  • Word count: 1790
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: English
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Explain, with examples, how studies of brain damage or disruption to normal brain activity have informed us about the relationship between brain activity and behaviour in normal functioning.

Part I - Essay, Option B Explain, with examples, how studies of brain damage or disruption to normal brain activity have informed us about the relationship between brain activity and behaviour in normal functioning. The subject of brain damage and the effects this may have on behaviour is a complex topic to which many studies have been dedicated to, there are also numerous examples of how brain damage and abnormal brain activity impact on behaviour, therefore for the purpose of this essay I will focus on two areas of brain activity disruption, being physical impact and injury and also that of chemical effects. I will give examples where behavioural changes have been noted and therefore what this tells us about the relationship between a normally functioning brain and behaviour. In order to explain the relationships I will start by outlining the basics of how a normally functioning brain works, this can then show how we know when this normal activity has been disrupted or ceased. I will reference studies that have been conducted showing the impact the disruption has caused by my two chosen examples. I will also look at how advancements in medicine along with Psychological input enable us in some cases to minimise the disruption caused. Finally I will discuss how these studies have informed us and to what extent they can explain the relationship between brain activity and

  • Word count: 1093
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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UST is a smokeless tobacco company .What are the primary business risks associated with UST Inc.? What are the attributes of UST Inc.? Evaluate from the viewpoint of a bondholder.

.Question One & Answer What are the primary business risks associated with UST Inc.? What are the attributes of UST Inc.? Evaluate from the viewpoint of a bondholder. Primary Business risks: . Litigation and Legislative problems Litigation and legislation are everyday occurrences in the tobacco industry, even smokeless tobacco manufacturer historically faced less exposure to health related lawsuits than cigarette manufacturers. Lot of litigation against tobacco companies, such as ban on advertising and promotions that appeal to youths, is expected o continue, especially suits filed by individuals. In addition to health related litigation, UST also faced a pending dispute about violating antitrust and advertising laws and participating in anti-competitive conduct. These uncertainties of the litigation and legislative environment increase the risk of UST's credit from the bondholder's point of view. 2. Increasing erosion of market share UST is a smokeless tobacco company with a long tradition and a recognizable brand name. Steadily increasing prices provided a solid boost to earnings and the company's stock price. But, this is one of the characteristics that can be like two edged sward. On one side, company with long tradition is expected to operate in a stable and prosperous way as it always did, but on the other side, company itself can get too self-confident and fail

  • Word count: 1852
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Business and Administrative studies
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