GCSE: Economy & Economics
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- Marked by Teachers essays 5
- Peer Reviewed essays 24
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Would It Be Economically Beneficial to Britain to Introduce An Obesity Tax?
5 star(s)However the implication seems to be that either people are getting hungrier (eating more) or they're getting lazier (exercising less). It is true that if you do less exercise and eat more calories then you will put on weight, therefore since more people are putting on weight it must mean that they are doing this. However it could also mean that more of the population are eating different unhealthier foods such as microwave burgers or high calorie ready meals, therefore outlining that it may be down to people having less time to cook meals from scratch meaning that convenience comes before health.
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Devaluation By Rughoobar Chidanand
5 star(s)A balance of payments deficit exists when the quantity of currency supplied is greater than that in demand. The demand for a nation's currency depends on the amount of its exports, domestic investments, and assets held in domestic currency. A nation's currency supply on world markets depends partly on the amount of imports, investments abroad, and assets held in foreign countries. Ultimately, the supply of a currency depends on national monetary policy; if a country prints too much money, causing inflation domestically, a balance of payments deficit results. Under a system of fixed exchange rates a country can adjust its balance of payments by trading its national currency for foreign currency or gold.
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Econmoic Concepts behind the uk oil industry
5 star(s)Non-sustainable resources, opposite to sustainable resources are ones in which through economic exploitation, will run out. Oil is again an example as through digging for it and using it to power machines, it will run out. Labour is the workforce of an economy. Each worker will have a set of skills which may or may not be as a result of education and training. The value of a worker is called their human capital. Education and training will increase the value of that human capital.
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Should the welfare state be desirable?
4 star(s)Finally, another reason that would show that the welfare is indeed desirable is that with the presence of a welfare state, the overall health of the population in the country is increased; through the funding of the NHS, a free organization in which all people of the nation can benefit. However, it can also be seen that the welfare state is in fact not desirable, the reasons that some may have this attitude is due to: as a result of the welfare state, there is higher and more taxation for the people and they will have to pay a greater
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What happened to the income of taxi drivers, and fares paid by consumers in East and West Berlinafter unification, given that living standards are much higher in West than in East Berlin. Assume the market for taxi cabs is competitive.
4 star(s)Perfect competition is a market structure where firms have no power to affect the price of the product. The price they face is determined by the interaction of demand and supply in the whole market. That is what we call 'price mechanism'. There are a lot of transactions between buyers and sellers in the market, individuals pursuing their own self-interest and aim to maximize utility; companies provide goods and services by the aim to make profits, each seeking their own interest. Price mechanism coordinate these transactions and in such a way to make everyone better off. Market price serves as an "invisible hand" guiding resources to their most efficient uses.
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Explain the main features of the behaviour of firms which operate in an oligopolistic market (10)
5 star(s)The common assumption of the theory is that firms in an oligopoly are looking to protect and maintain their market share and that rival firms are unlikely to match another's price increase but may match a price fall. I.e. rival firms within an oligopoly react asymmetrically to a change in the price of another firm. If firm A raises price and others leave their prices constant, then we can expect quite a large substitution effect away from firm A making demand relatively price elastic. Firm A would lose market share and expect to see a fall in its total revenue.
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Stating your assumptions carefully, outline the likely impact of an increase in taxation on the interest rate.
5 star(s)However the government can use taxation to target certain parts of the economy for taxation revenue. For example to reduce investment spending it could increase corporation tax. If the government were to increase income tax, the effect on the economy would be that the level of aggregate demand would fall, assuming that all other factors remained constant (ceteris parabus). This has the effect of reducing the economy's expenditure. This would have the effect of shifting the IS curve inwards, to the left, reducing the level of income and output in the economy. If the increase in tax was on income tax, then there would be less consumption because the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) would fall.
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Explain how economists model how an increase in government expenditure can lead to a greater increase in national income.
5 star(s)It is also useful to measure income against past income in the same country to see whether the economy is growing or declining. An increase in government expenditure is an injection in the circular flow on income.
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Measuring National Income
4 star(s)They then buy these goods and services which have been produced by the firms. These products have been produced using the income received and in this way the income is circulating throughout the economy. Leakages and Injections However, households do not spend all of the income that they receive, as illustrated by the above diagram, which is simply a simplified model of an economy. Households are also able to save part of their income. Saving is the foregoing of current consumption to allow for consumption in the future. People save by putting money in banks, building societies and other financial institutes.
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Price Discrimination Essay
4 star(s)The firm of a market where this type of discrimination occurs is capable of differentiating between consumers, such as student or senior discounts. A student or senior consumer will have a different willingness to pay than an average consumer. Thus the firm sets a lower price for that consumer because that consumer has a more elastic price elasticity of demand. In third degree price discrimination the firm is capable of capturing more market surplus than would be possible without price discrimination.
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Concept of Supply
4 star(s)These contractions and expansions in supply are characterized by movements along the supply curve. The Price of other goods/service is another determinant of supply. The quantity of a good or service supplied at any time will be affected by prices of other goods and services. For example, if the price of a motorbike remained the same, while the price of scooter increased, it would become more profitable to produce scooters. Hence firms will be willing to supply fewer motorbikes and start producing and supplying more scooters.
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Demand and Supply for housing
4 star(s)supply is scarce) then the balance of power in the market shifts towards the seller. This is because there is likely to be excess demand in the market for good properties. Sellers can wait for offers on their property to reach (or exceed) their minimum selling price. A Buyers Market Conversely when demand both for new and older housing is weak and when there is a glut of properties available on the market, then the power switches to potential buyers. They have a much wider choice of housing available and they should be able to negotiate a price that is lower than the published price.
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Explain the main factors which might determine the elasticity of supply of labour to an occupation such as computer specialist (10)
4 star(s)An increase in wage rate in an inelastic labour market will have little effect on the amount of labour supplied however in the elastic market a small wage increase leads to a large increase in the quantity if labour supplied. Elastic Labour Supply Inelastic Labour Supply The main factor that affects the elasticity of supply in the computer specialists market is the amount of training and education needed in the market these cause large barriers to entry within the market.
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"Discuss the likely impact on the UK economic performance of government policies designed to make income more evenly spread"
4 star(s)For example, an extra �10 to a poor family will mean more than an extra �10 to a millionaire. Government expenditure can be used to alter the distribution of income, making particular use of the law of diminishing marginal utility. One way is for the government to provide monetary benefits to those requiring financial assistance. Another important area of government activity is the provision of goods and services, which aims to give citizens equality of opportunity on society. While this does help to reduce inequality, classical economists would argue that this reduces economic performance. Redistribution reduces the incentives of those in employment to work, thus reducing the incentive of those out of work to find work.
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The Advantages and Disadvantages of a Command Economy or Free Market Economy
4 star(s)The main advantages of a command economy is that services and goods provided are for the benefit of community and not to make profit and also these services or goods are accessible to anyone. Consumers benefit largely from a command economy as they have fixed prices and as it is all government run, it is operated securely, which is very reassuring to the public as they know they will not be deceived when buying good or services. Another advantage is having a low unemployment rate as the government can provide jobs which will increase GDP along with taxation revenue.
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State the assumptions of perfect competition. How does a perfectly competitive industry work in the short run and the long run? What makes perfect competition efficient?
4 star(s)A perfectly competitive market usually has a small number of firms that supply to a small number of buyers. The buyers and sellers in this market are also price takers set by the price equilibrium. * All firms in a perfect market should have an identical output, where all the firms produce a homogeneous product (where one good is as good as another) and these goods should be perfect substitutes for one another, in order for the consumers to view the products as identical as each other. * A perfect competition is assumed to have no barriers to the entry and exit of firms in the industry where the market should freely allow competition from new suppliers.
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Define "The multiplier effect" and explain how it works. Using practical examples of how the east and north London people and firms might benefit from a multiplier effect of the Channel Tunnel terminals.
4 star(s)Also to use less of non-renewable resources such as coal, oil which can not be recycled thereby it cause future growth to end. 2. Define "The multiplier effect" and explain how it works. Using practical examples of how the east and north London people and firms might benefit from a multiplier effect of the Channel Tunnel terminals. The multiplier effect is when changes in expenditure to the economy produces a more extensive output upon total economic activity, allowing expenditure to continue feeding the economy.
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Cigarettes are demerit goods which cause negative externalities. B
4 star(s)There are two kinds of externalities: positive externalities and negative externalities. In the extract, cigarettes are negative externality, which means they have bad effects on others and those effects are not paid by the producers. For example, when people smoke, especially in public places, e.g. restaurants and department stores, they pollute the air rounded and threaten others' health. No one pays for the bad feelings caused by smokers and cigarettes. In this way, "market failure" exists. If the external costs could be measured and valued a new supply curve could be drown to present this.
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The impact of economies and diseconomies of scale Tesco face
4 star(s)These offers encourage us, the consumers, to buy in bulk. This means Tesco are benefiting from economies of scale as they are selling more quantity of their products, and are then able to buy more, and hence reduce their average costs. Tesco also benefit from economies of scale in the long run, because as they are opening more stores, it means they are employing more and more people, who may otherwise be unemployed. The council recognise this, and therefore give Tesco cheaper council tax on their property, because of the employment of all these people.
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"Using demand and supply diagrams explain recent changes in the price in coffee"
4 star(s)The supply curve is upward sloping, showing that firms increase production of a good as its price increases. This is because a higher price enables firms to make profit on the increased output whereas at the lower price they would have made a loss on it. Supply curve If in a market there is more supply than demand there is then a surplus of this good. A rise in the price of this good leads to a rise in the quantity supplied shown by a movement along the supply curve. The change in supply can be caused by a change in production costs, technology and the price of other goods.
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What is Inflation? Effects Inflation has on the Trafford Centre. How does The Bank of England control Inflation?
3 star(s)Several aspects cause inflation, for example, inflation can happen when governments print an excess of money to deal with a crisis. As a result, prices end up rising at an extremely high speed to keep up with the currency surplus. Another common cause of inflation is a rise in production costs, which leads to an increase in the price of the final product.
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Components of aggregate demand and its benefits.
3 star(s)and net exports (NX), which is the imports and exports balance (X-M). According to this, the equation for aggregate demand is: AD = C + I + G + NX. Factors forming AD: ** CONSUMPTION is the demand by households and unattached individuals for durables and non-durable goods. It is expressed as function of disposable income (amount of money left to consumers after taxes are paid), which is income - taxes (Y-T). It is because only that amount of money can be spent on goods. ** INVESTMENTS is the demand by business firms and some individuals, for new factories, machinery, computer software, education, housing, other structures and inventories.
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Discuss the effectiveness of supply side economics in improving the performance of the UK economy. Supply side economics is very effective on a long run basis, but may not be as good on a short run
3 star(s)In order to increase competition companies and firms would need to be privatised and deregulated, so that monopolist companies would have to face competition. Deregulation will force these monopolies into competition which will allow economic growth to improve. Also by having competition between the different companies will cause inflation to decrease as people would be now able to buy the same good or service but from a different and may be a cheaper company. This means that companies will need to reduce their prices in order to stay in the market or they will be shifted out of business.
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External influences Economy Interest rates Most businesses will need to borrow money. The interest rate will affect how much it costs
3 star(s)The company might have to borrow more money to pay for the interest rate going up. Competition Competition is where rival businesses aim their products at the same customers and try to win and keep their custom. Sainsbury's main competitors are tescos, Asda and Morrison's. They all sell food and household goods. Asda could sell more food than them so Sainsbury's would get less customers, Cadbury's main competition is Masterfoods, coca cola, Walkers and Rowntrees. If Cadbury in the next year didn't release any more chocolates or sweets and rowntrees released different sweets even though people would still buy Cadburys old ideas they would buy rowntrees new products.
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How is National Income derived? What is the GDP? What information does it give us about a nation? What is per capita income? If you wanted to know about the economy of a country, which would you consider more important, and why? (25 points)
3 star(s)The following excerpts are definitions of National Income and GNPas listed on this website http://members.shaw.ca/h-chartrand/Macro%20+%202.0.htm "National income is the sum of all factor earnings from production of current goods and services. Factor earnings are incomes of factors of production: land (rent), labor (salaries & wages), and capital (interest and investment income)..." "Gross domestic product (GDP) is the sum of all currently produced final goods and services sold at market prices. "At market prices" is the way GDP can measure, in a single number, the production of apples plus oranges plus railroad cars plus all of the millions of other goods and services produced in a major economy.
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