Research Study C4 Keeping Clean

Ingredients to reduce harm to the skin.

Preservatives-prevent spoilage of other ingredients.

2. Animal and vegetable fats are made up of fatty acids and glycerin. Lye solution is mixed with these the lye and fatty acids form soap. Some water and glycerin may be left over. [3]
3.  A) [10] [11] Na(C17H35CO2). Fatty acid + Base→Soap

B) The grease on the clothes. The hydrophobic tail attaches to the grease. The hydrophilic head attaches to the water. The molecule lifts the grease of the material which then dissolves in the water. Therefore removing the stain.

 

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4. a) Soap is used for cleaning our hands and liquid soap for shower gel.

     Detergent is used in washing machines to clean laundry.

     Detergents are also used in dishwashers. [5]

b) Detergents [8]

Soap [9]

5. [6] Lakes and rivers were becoming foamy by the use of early detergents as they weren’t biodegradable.  This caused problems as water then foamed when coming out of the tap, it also caused sewerage treatment problems.

[6][7]The advantages of detergents is that we use alkyl benzene instead of keryl benzene), alkyl benzene is biodegradable so the lakes don’t become foamy and the sewerage systems are better. They can clean fabrics in acidic waters, since detergents come from petroleum we can save vegetable oil for cooking uses.

[7]The disadvantages of detergents are that many aren’t completely biodegradable in waters and the treatment to the waters is a problem, some of the surfactants are dangerous to aquatic life when the detergent enters an aquatic habitat, detergents tend inhibit oxidation of organic substances present in wastewaters because they form a seal around them.

References

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4.     (2nd one in on the top row)
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