Electronics CW1
SHEEP COUNTER by Ian Kemp August 2000 Sheep Counter. Aim This project is designed to meet the need of a busy sheep farmer. Counting sheep can be a time consuming and awkward task and so a solution to this problem would be to make an electronic counter so that every time a sheep passes through a gate the counter would add one. However, it must only count up one when the sheep has actually passed through the gate, e.g. if the sheep pauses in the middle of the gate the counter should not go up one. Research The gate needs to be wide enough for the sheep to be able to easily pass through and yet not so wide that more than one sheep at a time can get through. To find out some details of the physical size of sheep I e-mailed a sheep farmer that I know, Mr Shepherd. A screen shot of my e-mail is shown below. In the reply that I received from Mr Shepherd, he advised me that for the width of the sheep in the flock, most are about 40 cm wide, with some of the larger ones being as much as 50 cm. He also said that, the light beam needs to be about 45 cm above the ground so that it will be able to detect both the larger, mature animals and also the smaller lambs. I therefore intend designing my system for a gate that is 60 cm wide as it will ensure that it works properly for 50cm. Specification My system must be able to reliably detect sheep passing through the 60cm wide
For this section of coursework I decided to undertake the task of building and testing a sensor. The sensor, which I built, was a thermocouple, I built this to take measurements of the temperature of a certain window.
Sensors Project Introduction For this section of coursework I decided to undertake the task of building and testing a sensor. The sensor, which I built, was a thermocouple, I built this to take measurements of the temperature of a certain window. Aim My aim for this experiment to find how well a window conducts heat on both the outside and inside. Also I wished to find whether there was a correlation between the temperatures of the window at different points. I thought the side of the window, which would be at a higher temperature, would be the inside. I also felt due to the rule that hot air and fluids rise, I felt that the higher up the window the higher the temperature would be. Choice of Sensor For this experiment I could have chosen another option. I could have used a bead thermistor to do this. A bead thermistor is a semi conductor, so instead of resistance increasing with temperature it decreases. I did not use this because I have had previous experiences with thermal couple and I know the behaviour of one. I know that the Thermocouple has linear response, when measuring temperature. This means if the temperature doubles the EMF generated doubles. With a thermocouple you get the temperature is measured a lot quicker than a mercury thermometer, this was another reason why I used it to so I could measure more temperatures in the same amount if time. For my
Investigate the relationship between voltage and Current.
Science Coursework on Current and Voltage. Aim: To investigate the relationship between voltage and Current. Equipment List * 1* Power Pack (2-12v) * 1* Resistor (3.9 ?) * 1* Resistor (10.5 ?) * 1* Ammeter * 1* Volt meter * 20* Wires Method We are going to investigate the relationship between Current and Voltage. First we take a power pack and connect 1 wire from the power pack to a 3.9-ohm resistor. Then connect a wire from the other side of the resistor to an ammeter. Then connect the other side of the ammeter to the other side of the power pack. Then connect another 2 wires from each side of the resister to each side of a voltmeter. Switch the knob on the Power pack to 2 volts and turn on the ammeter, voltmeter and finally the Power pack at the mains. Record the reading of the meters on a chart. Like this: ? Resistor VbR A V Key 2 VbR = Voltage before Resistance 4 A= Amps 6 V= Volts 8 0 TIP: If the ammeter or voltmeter is reading negative numbers switch the wires round on them. When you have recorded this result you need to change the knob at the top to 4 volts. After you have taken each recording you move the knob up one each time. Repeat this experiment 3 times and you should have 3 sets of results, for a fair test and for finding the average. When you have done this experiment change the resistor over to a 10.5 ? resistor. Then record all
Catalytic Converters
Catalytic
Wailing Alarm Siren
Wailing Alarm Siren by Tony van Roon Parts List: R1,R5 = 4.7K C1,C4 = 100uF/25V, electrolytic R2 = 47K C2,C3 = 0.01uF (10nF), ceramic R3 = 10K T1 = 2N3702 (NTE159, TUP, etc.) R4 = 100K IC1,IC2 = LM/NE555, MC1455P, etc Rx = *Notes LS = Loudspeaker. *Notes Notes: This circuit provides a warbling sound to any alarm circuit. IC2 is wired as a low frequency astable with a cycle period of about 6 seconds. The slowly varying ramp waveform at C1 is fed to pnp emitter follower T1, and is then used to frequency modulate alarm generator IC1 via R6. IC1 has a natural center frequency of about 800Hz. Circuit action is such that the alarm output signal starts at a low frequency, rises for 3 seconds to a high frequency, then falls over 3 seconds to a low frequency again, and so on. *The Loudspeaker LS and the resistor marked "Rx" should be together 75 ohms. If you have a standard 8-ohm speaker then Rx is 67 ohms. The nearest value is 68 ohms. So for a 8 ohm loudspeaker Rx is 68 ohms. For a 4 ohm loudspeaker Rx is 71 ohms, for a 25 ohm loudspeaker Rx is 50 ohms, etc, etc. BUT, the Rx value is not very critical. It is just there as some sort of volume control. Experiment with it. C2 and C3 are 0.01uF (10nF) and a simple ceramic type will do the job. I tested the circuit at 9, 12, and 15 volt. My choice would be 9volt alkaline for battery operation or
Electronic Dice Project.
Electronic Dice Project By Matthew Warren Content Outline: Page 3 Time Scale: Page 3 Stage 1 Clock: Page 4 Switch: Page 7 Stage 2 Counter: Page 8 Stage 3 Logic gates: Page 12 Time Graph: Page 14 Stage 4 LED Display: Page 16 Final Testing: Page 16 Evaluation: Page 19 Pin Layouts: Page 21 Electronic dice 1-6 I have a problem that every time that I get out a board game the dice is always missing so what I am going to be designing and making an electronic dice that will do the range of 1 to 6,. This dice will be able to be used in most boards that need a 6 sided dice and it will be bigger than a normal dice so that it will be not as easy to lose this is a block diagram showing the process of my dice: Time Scale Stage Content Date (1) Clock Designing a fast clock 2/0103 Testing on Crocodile Clips 25/01/03 Making on Bread Board 0/02/03 Testing Clock 29/02/03 (2) 3-Bit Binary Counter Designing Binary counter 2/03/03 Tested on Crocodile Clips 0/03/03 Making on bread board 8/03/03 Testing and trying to make it work 01/05/03 - 05/05/03 (3) Logic gates Designed logic system to make only 1-6 show up 27/03/03 Tested on Crocodile Clips /04/03 Made on bread board 2/04/03 (4) LED's Designed LED layout 20/04/03 Made on Crocodile Clips Full Testing Put all stages together to test 09/05/03 Stage 1 : Clock source 555 timer The 555 will
Car Safety Features.
About 8 million cars are made in India every year and the market is growing like never before, the increased buying of cars has led to increased road traffic and road accidents too. India has a nasty distinction of having highest (in number) road accidents leading to over 130,000 deaths a year. While there are several factors for the road accidents, it is good to have a car that has security features loaded. Modern day cars as in these days come stuffed with safety and standard comforting features, thanks to the growth of the car industry over the years. If you are going to install safety features on your car then certain measures like bonding to an insurance company can offer you some benefits and discounts, for these features add to safety of the car, your eventual premium might come down or you have a chance to avail of a waiver as a bonus and thereof. In reality it is the role played by the insurance companies to up the security features in the cars. Some of the latest safety features available for the latest car models are:- airbags, active head resistance, car safety belts, anti lock brake system(ABS), tyre pressure monitor system, built in or child safety seats for children. All of them are very useful for the safety. The air bags are one of the important safety features. It has undoubtedly become a must-have security feature for the cars. Designed for critical
Bicycle Alarm Project
Bicycle Alarm Project BTEC National Diploma Final Year Project By: Stewart Watkiss June 1996 Contents Page Introduction ... 1 Specification ... 1 Meeting specifications ... 2 Circuit description ... 3 Keypad and PIN decoder ... 3 Alarm set indicator ... 10 Set and part set selection ... 12 Alarm status decoding circuit ... 13 Karnaugh map ... 14 NAND only solution ... 15 NOR only solution ... 16 Monostable hold ... 18 Sounder ... 19 Low battery indicator ... 20 Circuit Diagram ... 21 Printed circuit board ... 22 Circuit additions ... 23 Price List ... 24 Problems encountered ... 25 Bibliography ... 26 Bicycle Alarm Project Introduction The crime rate in the UK is high and thefts pedal bicycles is on the increase. The reason for this increase is due to the increase in the cost of the bikes (many bikes now cost around £300), and due to the lack of security devices for bikes. The conventional bicycle lock is prone to thiefs who can break the chain links with a pair of bolt croppers. The bike locks also suffers in that it cannot protect against the theft of the bicycle lights or other attachments. The solution to this is an intelligent burglar alarm that can detect both the movement of the bike or the removal of accessories. Specification The need for an alarm is evident and so a list of specifications has been drawn up
Report into Electricity Generation and Sustainable Energy
Tyler DhaliwalSustainable Energy Project ReportFri/Dec/7th/12 ________________ Table of Contents Table of Contents1 List and Pictures of Tools and Materials2 Introduction3 Evaluation Questions and Answers3-13 Research Questions3 Research Answers4, 5, 6, 7 Summary of Observations8, 9, 10, 11 Additional Research and Diagrams12, 13 Drawings Pertaining to the Project14-17 Thumbnail Sketches14 Isometric Drawing 15 Electrical Schematic ………………………………………………………………………..16 Overhead Map of Consumer…………………………………………………………….17 Activity Log and Rubric18 Additional Pictures19 Works Cited20 Materials The following tools and materials were utilised in both the construction and operation of our consumer (Air Canada Centre) and generators: - 1 Coping saw and 1 back saw - 2 files and 2 rasps - 4 3’ by 3’ pieces of sandpaper - 1 soldering iron - 450 mL of carpenter’s glue - 6’’ of solder - 2 wooden clamps - 200 mL of Phytoplankton - 1.5 grams of yeast and sugar - 1 12’’ ruler - 2 alligator clips - 1 ½ hp centrifugal pump - 1 gear kit ad 1 check valve - 103 Lego pieces - 20 hot glue sticks - 1 hot glue gun -2 pairs of scissors - 2 paint brushes - 18 2.5’’ nails - 4 screws -10 hose clamps - 3’ of plastic tubing - 6’’ of PVC pipe - 10
Product Analysis - Cree LED Torch
Product Analysis: Cree LED Torch Form: The Longer section makes it easier to yet it is still compact, which allows it to be transported around or kept in a bag/pocket. The cylindrical design as well as making it easy to hold, makes it stronger as it is hard to compress this shape. A raised lip above the lens protects the glass from being scratched or cracked as well as making it easier to stand up. Materials and Component Requirement: The Cree LED should efficiently emit 200 lumens. The wires are made of conductive materials to allow electricity to flow through it. Inside there is a battery holder, which holds 3 AAA batteries to provide power for the light. The reflective cone should also spread out the light from the one Cree LED. For Materials, the outside case is made out of metal for strength and the handle area is textured for better grip. The pushbutton switch enables the torch to cycle between 3 different modes (low intensity light, high intensity light and strobe lighting) and off. Sustainability: The aluminium housing is widely recyclable, and Cree LEDs can run for several thousand hours meaning they hardly need replacing, meaning less waste going into land fills. However, the batteries aren’t rechargeable, and will have to be disposed when the batteries depleted. The life span of the product in whole is very long compared to other torches because of the type