Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park
Information about Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park
Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park is found in south of west Java, Indonesia where the river of Cimacan lies. The park is situated between longitudes 106°51'-107°02' East and latitudes 6°41-6°51' south. It is shared between the regencies of Bogor, Cianjur and Sukabumi. The park is on the island of java. The park can reach about 1000 to 3000 meters above sea level, has an area of 15 000 hectares and more than 80% covered by forest.
Indonesia is located in the Asian Archipelago, the world's largest archipelago, between Indochina and Australia, between the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park was one of the first national parks to be established in Indonesia, and established under a declaration made by the Minister of Agriculture for "The Republic of Indonesia" on 6 March, 1980. Since then many Indonesian and foreign scientists have visited the national park and, as a result these mountains are one of the most well researched tropical forest systems in the world. Gunung Gede Mountain is 2,958 meters high and it is a part of the volcanic chains that is from Sumatra to Sunda. The river Cimacan flows down the Gede volcano.
The Annual rainfall in the Gunung Gede national park is pretty high. The average is in the range of 3.000- 4.200 mm per year, making the area one of the wettest parts of Java. The rainy season occurs from October to May, the monthly average of 200 mm rising to over 400 mm in the period from December to March. The dry season occurs from June to September, rainfall dropping to below 100 mm per month. So we can say that the river of Cimacan
Hypothesis
Measurements we will take:
* River Depth
* River Velocity
* Bed load size - Short axis
-Long axis
* Bed load angularity
* River gradient (angle of slope)
Hypothesis 1: River depth
-As the river flow downstream the river depth increases.
Justification: The river depth increases because of the 3 process of erosion will take place (Corrasion, Attrition, and Corrosion). Fine light material held in suspension rubs against the river bank wearing it away (corrasion). Then there will be materials (large boulders) moved along the bed of the river forming the banks and bed of the river (Attrition, Corrosion) and with the addition the sheer force of water hitting the banks of the river as the river flow downstream this can cause the river depth to increase.
Hypothesis 2: River Velocity
-As the river goes downstream the velocity increases.
Justification: The velocity of the river going downstream increases because the water flows in a certain direction which then leads to an increase in velocity due to the gain of energy. As the river goes downstream the body of the river grew larger this means that there is less relative friction, this leads to an increase of velocity. Many tributaries join the river as it goes downstream this may also increases the volume of water flowing in it, this could lead an increase of velocity.
Hypothesis 3: River gradient (angle of slope)
-As the river flows downstream the angle of the slope decreases.
Justification: A river with a high gradient loses height quickly and is typically fast flowing. A river with a very gentle gradient loses very little height and is typically a slow flowing river. As the river flows from its source in mountainous area to its mouth at sea level, the river gradient will change from sharp and hilly to gentle and flat this means that the angle of the slope decreases.
Hypothesis 4: The Bed load size
-As the river flows downstream the bed load size will decrease
Justification: As the river flow downstream the process of erosion will take place. So clearly we can say that the bed load size will not be larger or be the same it will instead become smaller since the process of attrition ( material is moved along the bed of a river, collides with other materials, and breaks up into smaller pieces), and corrosion (some rocks forming at the banks and a bed of a river but later on dissolved by acids in the water) will take place, reducing the bed load size.
Methodology: River depth Measurement
. To measure the river depths set out the ranging pole and carefully connect each of the 3 parts (Top, middle, end).
2. To measure the depth you must measure the width first (The depths of the river change along the width of the river. We need to know the width of the river so that we can know the pattern of the rivers bed).
3. Put both ranging poles on the very edge of the river bank not in the river!
4. After that use a ...
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Methodology: River depth Measurement
. To measure the river depths set out the ranging pole and carefully connect each of the 3 parts (Top, middle, end).
2. To measure the depth you must measure the width first (The depths of the river change along the width of the river. We need to know the width of the river so that we can know the pattern of the rivers bed).
3. Put both ranging poles on the very edge of the river bank not in the river!
4. After that use a measuring tape and measure the width, (put the measuring tape low to the river so that you can measure much more accurately with a ruler).
5. Once we know the width divide it by 11. Example (width=220) 220 /11 = 20cm. We divide it by 11 because then we have 10 measurements in the river channel. We have ten measurements so that we can have an average, moderate pattern because if we have only 5 measurement it will be complicated to produce into a graph and it would not be to accurate.
6. So we measure the depth of the river every 20 cm starting from the left bank (to know which is the left and right bank just see where the river flows and it is to your left.)
Justification of methodology:
* So we can see how the river depth changes as it go downstream.
* To test my hypothesis (No. 1) that as the river goes downstream the river depth increases.
* Easy to do and still gives a data that can be a useful representative to the river bed measurement.
Methodology: River Velocity Measurements
. Once again set out all the equipments needed carefully (graduated shaft, electronic metre, impellor, cable). The impellor is liked by the cable to the electronic metre. The graduated shaft links with the electronic metre. Put it in where the river flows (Impellor must be facing the river, not behind the pole so that the impellor can spin).
2. Again like before measure the width using the measuring tape.
3. But now divide it by 6. Example 220 / 6 = 36.66 = 37 cm. (we divide it by 6 because we only want 5 velocity measurements and the 6th one is by the right hand bank.)
4. So in every 37 cm we took a reading of the velocity to get an average, so that we can compare it downstream.
5. You must stand up stream or else you will block the flow of the river and this can result in unreliable readings.
Justification:
* To see how the velocity change as it goes downstream.
* To test my hypothesis (No. 2) that as the river goes downstream the velocity increases.
* Accurate findings and portable equipments that is compact as well. Does not take a long period of time to measure and to set up.
Methodology: Gradient Measurements
. To measure the gradient you will need to set out the equipments (measuring tape, 2 ranging poles, clinometer).
2. A person must measure 20 m apart from the other person with the ranging pole. It does not matter who is holding the clinometer because the clinometer has two 0 - 90 degrees on each side.
3. To use the clinometer aim to the person on the other side with the ranging pole, and press the trigger hold it until the clinometer is stable and then release it. To read the angle read from the point where it says "Read Here".
Justification:
* To see how the slope changes from the upper course to the middle course.
* To test my hypothesis (No.3) that as the river flows the angle of the slope decreases.
* Easy to use, portable, compact equipment. Can be used for everybody (does not need a skilled person).
Methodology: River Bed load Size Measurement, River bed load Angularity Measurements
. Take 50 sample of bed load randomly for each site.
2. One by one measure the bed load Angularity use the Power's scale of roundness.
3. To measure the bed load size measurements, with the same bed load measure the long axis and middle axis by a calliper.
4. For the Powers Scale of roundness record it carefully discuss it with your group for a particular rock that maybe for example well rounded and rounded, ask the group of yours and majority wins.
Justification:
* To see how the size of bed load changes downstream.
* To see how the bed load angularity changes downstream.
* To test my hypothesis (No. 4) that as the river flow downstream the angularity of the bed load increases.
* Gives moderate findings but then again it provides a great understanding that can be used for a bed load measurement.
Data Presentation
Depth Measurements
Table to show Depth Measurement at SITE 1
Distance from LHB (m)
Depth
0.00
0.00
0.29
-0.27
0.58
-0.30
0.87
-0.20
.16
-0.30
.45
-0.23
.74
-0.22
2.03
-0.14
2.32
-0.09
2.61
-0.10
2.90
0.00
3.19
0.00
Table to show Depth Measurements at SITE 2
Distance from LHB (m)
Depth
0.00
0.00
0.20
-0.14
0.40
-0.16
0.60
-0.14
0.80
-0.21
.00
-0.20
.20
-0.21
.40
-0.22
.60
-0.20
.80
-0.20
2.00
-0.13
2.22
0.00
Table to show Depth Measurement at SITE 3
Distance from LHB (m)
Depth
0.00
0.00
0.22
-0.22
0.44
-0.10
0.66
-0.18
0.88
-0.25
.10
-0.41
.32
-0.39
.54
-0.38
.76
-0.32
.98
-0.13
2.20
-0.12
2.42
0.00
Table to show Depth Measurements at SITE 4
Distance from LHB (m)
Depth
0.00
0.00
0.40
-0.62
0.80
-0.91
.20
-0.78
.60
-0.82
2.00
-0.32
2.40
-0.78
2.80
-0.13
3.20
-0.48
3.60
-0.26
4.00
-0.18
4.40
0.00
Velocity Measurements
Table to show velocity measurements at SITE 1
Distance from LHB (m)
Velocity (m/sec)
0.00
0.00
0.53
0.07
.06
0.11
.59
0.33
2.12
0.07
2.65
0.01
3.19
0.00
Table to show the velocity measurement at SITE 2
Distance from LHB (m)
Velocity (m/sec)
0.00
0.00
0.37
0.30
0.74
0.29
.11
0.32
.48
0.65
.85
0.33
2.22
0.00
Table to show the Velocity Measurements at SITE 3
Distance from LHB (m)
Velocity (m/sec)
0.00
0.00
0.40
0.00
0.80
0.26
.20
0.13
.60
0.16
2.00
0.08
2.42
0.00
Table to show Velocity Measurements at SITE 4
Distance from LHB (m)
Velocity (m/sec)
0.00
0.00
0.40
0.46
0.80
0.78
.20
0.55
.60
0.22
2.00
0.31
2.42
0.00
River Bed load Measurements
Location
Average long Axis (cm)
Average Short Axis (cm)
SITE 1
7.1
4.6
SITE 2
5.6
4
SITE 3
5.8
4.4
SITE 4
3.5
2.7
Degree of angularity
A table to show the different locations and sites of Degree of angularity
Location
2
3
4
5
6
SITE 1
3
8
23
1
3
2
SITE 2
2
7
5
4
8
4
SITE 3
0
7
0
9
9
5
SITE 4
2
9
8
2
8
Slope Angle Measurement
Slope angle measurement (in degrees)
SITE 1
4
SITE 2
1
SITE 3
9
SITE 4
7
Analysis on the Depth Measurement
Analysis of the Rivers Velocity
00
But as the other's data can shows us a pattern that rivers velocity increases as rivers downstream, so it still support my hypothesis. My analysis of the pattern of river velocity because as the river depth increases it means that there is more water in the river this causes the velocity of the river to increase. We can see the effects of the rivers depth to the rivers velocity in, for example, in the graph (Fig 5). In this graph (Fig 5) we can see that the highest velocity takes place in the greatest depth. So as we know that rivers depth increases as we go downstream, it means rivers velocity increases.
My other analysis is the effects of friction due to rivers width. In the upstream, the rivers width is very narrow. This could affect the velocity measurement, as there is more relative friction. The narrower the river banks the greater the friction, thus less velocity. The Bradshaw model shows us this pattern too. As the river goes downstream, width increases this would mean a decrease of relative frictions, hence velocity increases.
My last analysis that creates the velocity of the river to increase is that as the river flow downstream there will be tributaries that join it this creates a larger volume of water which then can lead to an increase of velocity. From the Bradshaw model it shows us that rivers discharge increases as rivers go downstream. This is caused by many tributaries joining to the main river, so the velocity increases.
Analysis on the angle of slope of the River
Analysis on the bed load measurement and degree of angularity
Conclusion
Hypothesis 1
My first hypothesis was as the river flow downstream the river depth increases. The data I expected to find that the river depth increases as we measure different sites of the river in order from highest to lowest. If I obtained this data that would mean my hypothesis would be correct.
When I made the actual measurements and obtained the data from each site as I progressed downstream, it becomes much more visible that my hypothesis is correct. The reason, for which I say that, is from the data that I found showed by each of the different sites as the river progressed downwards, the river depth increases. The explanation is that as the river get downstream there is more discharge resulting in the increase of erosion on the river banks which means that the river banks becomes worn away so this means it gets a larger volume which means the river depth increases.
I can prove this even further by the graphs and tables I created as it shows a great representative to show that the river depth increases as the river goes downstream. The figures 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.95 are the tables that I created from the data obtained it is very useful because we can see the figures of depth decreasing so that we can know did it increases drastically or moderately. The figures 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3 are the graphs that I created from the tables these are again useful as it can give a 2D visual of the river and how it ideally looks like.
Hypothesis 2
My second hypothesis was as the river flow downstream the river velocity increases. The data I expected to find that the river velocity increases as we measure different sites of the river in order from highest to lowest. If I obtained this data that would mean my hypothesis would be correct.
When I made the actual measurements and obtained the data from each site as I progressed downstream, it becomes much more visible that my hypothesis is correct. The reason, for which I say that, is from the data that I found showed by each of the different sites as the river progressed downwards, the river velocity increases. The explanation is connected with the first hypothesis, because if the river depth increases that means there will be a larger volume of water this automatically increases the velocity of the river, because if there is a larger volume there must be an increase in velocity as it would not stay the same as before.
I can prove this even further by the graphs and tables I created as it shows a great representative to show that the river velocity increases as the river goes downstream. The figures 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 5 are the tables that I created from the data obtained it is very useful because we can see the figures of the velocity increasing this helps because then we can determine that it increases drastically or moderately or gradually increasing. The figures 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 are the graphs that I created from the tables these are again useful as it can give a 2D visual of the river and how it ideally looks like.
Hypothesis 3
My third hypothesis was as the river flow downstream the angle of the slope decreases. The data I expected to find is that the angle of the slope decreases as we measure different sites of the river in order from highest to lowest. If I obtained this data that would mean my hypothesis would be correct.
When I made the actual measurements and obtained the data from each site as I progressed downstream, it becomes much more visible that my hypothesis is correct. The reason, for which I say that, is from the data that I found showed by each of the different sites as the river progressed downwards, the angle of the slope decreases. The river Cimacan is a river with a high gradient that loses height quickly and is typically fast flowing this means that the slope of the angle decreases.
I can prove this even further by the graphs and tables I created as it shows a great representative to show that as the river flow downstream the angle of the slope decreases. The figure 4.5 is the tables that I created from the data obtained it is very useful because we can see the figures of the slope angle (in degrees) this would be a great help because then we can see if the slope of angle falls drastically or gradually goes down. The figure 4 are the graphs that I created from the tables these are again useful as it can give an ideal 3D look of the gradient of the river, having a 3D visual of it also helps us compare how from each site the slope angle are different from the other.
Hypothesis 4
My fourth hypothesis was as the river flow downstream the bed load size decreases. The data I expected to find that the river velocity increases as we measure different sites of the river in order from highest to lowest. If I obtained this data that would mean my hypothesis would be correct.
When I made the actual measurements and obtained the data from each site as I progressed downstream, it becomes much more visible that my hypothesis is correct. The reason, for which I say that, is from the data that I found showed by each of the different sites as the river progressed downwards, the bed load size decreases. The explanation of being as the river flow downstream the process of erosion will take place. So clearly we can say that the bed load size will not be larger or be the same it will instead become smaller since the process of attrition ( material is moved along the bed of a river, collides with other materials, and breaks up into smaller pieces), and corrosion (some rocks forming at the banks and a bed of a river but later on dissolved by acids in the water) will take place.
I can prove this even further by the graphs and tables I created as it shows a great representative to show that as the river flow downstream the bed load size decreases. The figures 4.6, 3.19, 2.5 are the tables that I created from the data obtained it is very useful because we can see the figures of the bed load decreasing this helps because then we can determine that it decreases drastically or moderately or gradually decreasing. The figures 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9 are the graphs and pie charts that I created from the tables these are again useful as it can give a visual of how much bed load size decreases and can show which site has the biggest difference or similarities. From the pie chart it also shows the percentage of bed load angularity, this helps because then we can ideally see how from Site 1 to Site 4 it progresses, how the "more well rounded, class 6" increases and the "very angular, class 1" decreases its value.
In conclusion I believe that all hypotheses were correct. However I think we need to consider about our recording of measurements, because from all the 4 sites "Site 3" is the anomaly from the others it shows awkward data presentation that does not go with the pattern of the other 3 sites which invalidate my hypothesis. So I assume that there might be errors of miscalculating or carelessness in measurement but other than that I believe the other sites measurement were a success and helped me proof my entire hypothesis. To improve even further I would take regular visits to the river to double check the results and measurements we have and to be much more careful of recording data. Another way to know the River of Cimacan in further detail, is that I would visit the river occasionally, at a rainy season, summer, to know if there are any changes to the data due to changes in seasons.