Understanding physiological disorders - diabetes and asthma

by eloowah (student)

Felicia hills

Introduction

In this assessment am going to be explain the nature of two named physiological disorders and the signs and symptoms related to two named physiological disorders. The two diseases I choose was type two diabetes and asthma. I will be looking at the nature of the disorder/ what the disease does to the body, the psychological effects of the disorder (if any)] and Signs and symptoms

P1: Explain the nature if two named physiological disorders.

P2: Explain the sign and symptoms related to two named physiological orders.

P3: Describe the investigations that are carried out to enable the diagnosis of these physiological disorders

P4: Plan a care pathway for each physiological disorder including role or relevant practitioners

Diabetes IDD (Insulin-dependent diabetes)

This type usually occurs after age 40 or in people who are overweight. Insulin is still produced by the pancreas but the body becomes resistant to it and needs more. But this type can be treated by drugs and having a healthy diet but for some people there need insulin. It is this type of diabetes that is increasing alarmingly, this is starting to occur in children

Nature of the disorder/ what the disease does to the body

Up to 40% of diabetics develop serious kidney trouble in their lifetime. Taking things in the order that they occur

An increased GFR (glomerular filtration rate) is common in poorly controlled diabetes and an early sign that there may be trouble ahead

Glomeruli, the kidney’s filters, are slowly damaged by the high blood sugar level. It usually takes at least 10 years for signs of this develop

High blood pressure is an early problem

The kidney leaks and all the protein in your blood ends up in your urine

Eventually kidney function becomes so poor that dialysis or a transplant is necessary to keep you alive having diabetes also does damage to the eyes, kidney, nerves, and blood vessels.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms occur because some or all of the glucose stays in the blood and it isn’t being used as fuel for energy. The body tries to reduce blood glucose levels by flushing the excess glucose out of the body in the urine.

The main symptoms of diabetes can include:

passing urine more often than usual, especially at night

increased thirst

extreme tiredness

unexplained weight loss

genital itching or regular episodes of thrush

slow healing of cuts and wounds

blurred vision

How the patient is referred for medical help

If a patient comes in with the signs and symptoms above that the with the physiological disorder the doctor will test the patients cells seeing if there is glucose in them, from there he will diagnosis the patient with the follow tests.

A patient can also be referred for medical help if he ...

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The main symptoms of diabetes can include:

passing urine more often than usual, especially at night

increased thirst

extreme tiredness

unexplained weight loss

genital itching or regular episodes of thrush

slow healing of cuts and wounds

blurred vision

How the patient is referred for medical help

A patient can also be referred for medical help if he or she is obese or overweight and have some risk factors that could cause or relate to diabetes, people over 45 should test for type two diabetes people 45 but who are extremely over weight should test for type diabetes. Below are some risk factors that could influence weather a person could have diabetes or not:

being physically inactive

having a parent, brother, or sister with diabetes

giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds or being diagnosed with gestational diabetes

having high blood pressure or being treated for high blood pressure

having a condition called acanthuses nigricans, characterized by a dark, velvety rash around the neck or armpits

having a history of cardiovascular disease—disease affecting the heart and blood vessels

What investigations are made?

A fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test measures blood glucose in a person who has not eaten anything for at least 8 hours. This test is used to detect diabetes and pre-diabetes.

An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) measures blood glucose after a person fasts at least 8 hours and 2 hours after the person drinks a glucose-containing beverage. This test can be used to diagnose diabetes and pre-diabetes.

A random plasma glucose test, also called a casual plasma glucose test, measures blood glucose without regard to when the person being tested last ate. This test, along with an assessment of symptoms, is used to diagnose diabetes but not pre-diabetes

What are the investigations that are carried out to enable the diagnosis of diabetes?

There are several tests to diagnose diabetes. Some of the tests can be carried out at the household level, while there are some special ones that are carried out only in clinics. Whatever be the case, the diagnostic tests of diabetes are quite efficient in finding out the onset of the disease.

The tests of diagnosis of diabetes are classified into three main categories:-

Urine Tests

Blood Tests

Glucose Tolerance Tests

Urine and blood tests

The tests of diagnosis of diabetes are classified into three main categories:-

Urine Tests

Blood Tests

Glucose Tolerance Tests

Your urine sample will be tested to see if it contains glucose. Normally, urine does not contain glucose, but if your blood glucose level is high, some glucose can overflow through your kidneys and into your urine.

If your urine contains glucose, you will have a blood test to confirm the diagnosis of diabetes. A sample of your blood will be taken in the morning before you have had anything to eat and will be tested to measure your blood glucose levels.

Asthma

Asthma is a common disease - it affects about five million people in the UK. Asthma often starts in childhood, but it can happen for the first time at any age – even in people in their 70s or 80s.

Asthma affects the airways – the tubes carrying air in and out of the lungs. People with asthma have sensitive airways which become irritated in some situations. The airways become narrow and sometimes produce more mucus than usual. This makes it difficult to breathe.

Asthma may get better or disappear completely during teenage years. But about one third of children with asthma will go on to have problems as an adult. Asthma can run in families, but many people with asthma do not have relatives with the condition.

Asthma can’t be cured, but it can be controlled so that attacks can be prevented. Most people with asthma who receive proper treatment (and take it correctly) can lead normal lives. You do not have to lose time from school or work, and you can enjoy full involvement in sport and other activities.

Nature of the disorder/ what the disease does to the body

The lungs are affected by asthma. This makes the body become exhausted and open to an asthma attack. It affect your lungs you get tiered faster than people without asthma your chest starts to hurts and it gets difficult to breath I know this because my brother has asthma and he told me. Asthma effects your breathing when the air is not clean and you can have asthma attack.

What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Asthma?

Common signs and symptoms of asthma include:

Coughing from asthma often is worse at night or early in the morning, making it hard to sleep.

Wheezing. Wheezing is a whistling or squeaky sound that occurs when you breathe.

Chest tightness. This may feel like something is squeezing or sitting on your chest.

Shortness of breath. Some people who have asthma say they can't catch their breath or they feel out of breath. You may feel like you can't get air out of your lungs.

What are the investigations that are carried out to enable the diagnosis of asthma?

A person with asthma will need to carry a pump around them at all times because there could get an asthma attract at anytime.

Your GP can normally diagnose asthma by asking you about your symptoms and doing tests in the surgery. They will want to know when symptoms happen and how often, and if you have noticed anything that might trigger them.

Your GP will want to know if you have been taking any medicines, what your occupation is, whether you smoke or are exposed to passive smoking, and details about your work and home environment. This could help identify the possible triggers of your asthma.

If your GP suspects you may have asthma, a number of tests can be carried out to confirm the diagnosis.

Theses are all the possible tests that are carried out

Spirometry- To assess how well your lungs work, a breathing test called spirometry is carried out. You will be asked to breathe into a machine called a spirometer.

Peak expiratory- flow rate test- A small hand-held device known as a peak flow meter can be used to measure how fast you can blow air out of your lungs in one breath. This is your peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and the test is usually called a peak flow test.

Airway responsiveness tests- This test is used to see how your airways react when they come into contact with a trigger. You will be asked to

Plan a care pathway for each physiological disorder including role or relevant practitioners: Primary care is provided at the first stage of treatment when you are ill - by family doctors, pharmacists, optometrists and ophthalmic medical practitioners, together with district nurses and health visitors. Common chronic illnesses treated in primary care are diabetes

nhs choice

http://www.diabetes.org.uk/ diabetes uk

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