What Happened at Sharpeville on 21st March 1960?Massacre or Self-Defence?
Katie Bradford What Happened at Sharpeville on 21st March 1960? Massacre or Self-Defence? ) How far do these two sources agree about what happened in Sharpeville on the morning of 21 March? The events, which occurred in Sharpeville on 21st March 1960, are disputed a lot. Some people argue that the police opened fire for no reason, whereas, others think the police were under attack and only opened fire in self-defence. Source A and Source B show a strong difference in opinion as to what happened on that major day in South African history. There are many opposing ideas and statements from both texts as to who was really to blame. Source A was written by a journalist from a South African magazine. At the beginning of his report he comments on how they were "driving behind a big grey police car and three Saracen armoured cars." This infers that the police were dominating the scene and were in control of the situation. In contrast with this is the statement from Source B, which was published in an English newspaper. The reporter states how "as soon as they got through (the crowds), the Africans closed the way again." This is suggesting another side to the story and how it was the Africans who were dominant. The use of the word "again" makes the readers think that it had happened many times before. Tyler, the journalist from Source A, explains how the protestors "were
“Why has it proved so difficult to reach agreement about what happened on Bloody Sunday? Use the sources and your knowledge to explain your answer.”
"Why has it proved so difficult to reach agreement about what happened on Bloody Sunday? Use the sources and your knowledge to explain your answer." The events known as 'Bloody Sunday happened on the 30th of January 1972.Some 20,000 people marched under the banner of NICRA (Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association) to protest against internment, which had been introduced in August 1971. However the initially peaceful , yet illegal march degenerated into violence when the marchers were stopped at a barricade by British soldiers .Soon, soldiers from the 1stBattallion , The Parachute Regiment opened fire with live ammunition on the marchers .The soldiers had wanted to break up leaders of the so-called Derry Young Hooligans (DYH) , but instead left 13 apparently innocent Catholic people dead (leaving another to die from his wounds). Internment was re-introduced in 1971 to try and keep the Nationalist community under control. It basically allowed the Government to detain individuals without trial or recourse to the principles of Habeas Corpus. The Catholic community, already bitter from years of oppression and prejudice, was angry. Although the most prominent, the Bloody Sunday march was not the first protesting march against internment. A week prior to the events of Bloody Sunday, an anti-internment march was held at Milligan Strand, County Derry. This march was at first
Why were some forms of opposition more successful than others in the period 1798-1921?
Why were some forms of opposition more successful than others in the period 1798-1921? The Act of Union, 1801. Ireland was to be joined to Great Britain into a single kingdom, the Dublin parliament was to be abolished. Ireland was to be represented at Westminster (all were Anglicans), the Anglican Church was to be recognised as the official Church of Ireland, no Catholics were to be allowed to hold public office and there was to be no Catholic Emancipation. Immediately we can see from this that any form of opposition would be to destroy this act. Fundamentally it destroyed all catholic rights and forced them to renounce their Catholic faith and take on a Protestant one. In Ireland Daniel O'Connell developed a reputation for his radical political views. By the early 1920's the Irish people started to listen to O'Connell's views and he gathered a large group of supporters. O'Connell had many aims in his political career. O'Connell's goal was to repeal against the act of union. When the Act of Union was passed in 1801 it did not help the Irish. It simply brought problems and distrust to the Irish people. O'Connell organised a meeting to discuss the repeal of the Act of Union, three quarters of a million Irish turned up. They were known as 'Monster Meetings'. We can see that O'Connell successfully created an Irish nation movement and completely changed the British view of the
The 1916 Easter Uprising
The 1916 Easter Uprising in Dublin, Ireland would spark the support for an independent Ireland. Until the execution of the leaders of the Uprising, there were three divisions of nationalism found within Ireland. The divisions in nationalism were broken down into the Revolutionary and Romantic forms that were represented by the Easter Uprising and the third was Constitutional Nationalism that had the strongest support in Ireland during that time.i1 The aftermath of the Uprising caused the shift of support to the Revolutionary and Romantic forms of nationalism. Several things occurred after the Uprising, which created the shift of support away from Constitutional Nationalism. The main reason had been created by the British's way of coping with the Uprising, which lead to the creation of martyrs, symbols, heroes, and rhetoric that are needed to create a unified national movement. It is important to define what nationalism is and the three different forms of nationalism in order to understand the different perspectives of the solutions to unifying Ireland. "...- at the end of the eighteenth century- nationalism became associated with democratic theory of the proper relationship between the state and the nation."ii2 Therefore the nineteenth century nationalism was the belief in the 'right of national self-determination'.iii3 "Constitutional Nationalism refers to the
There has been conflict in Northern Ireland for many centuries. But I am specifically going to look at how troubles broke out in Northern Ireland in 1969. I am going to look though sources D to I and use my own knowledge to work this out.
Modern World Study: Conflict in Ireland Assignment: Model A2 Question 1 There has been conflict in Northern Ireland for many centuries. But I am specifically going to look at how troubles broke out in Northern Ireland in 1969. I am going to look though sources D to I and use my own knowledge to work this out. Source D was written by B Devlin in 1969. She was a Roman Catholic and wrote this information in her book "The Price Of My Soul", most likely to be published for the general public. In the source she talks about the Vice Principal, Mother Benignus, of St. Patrick's Academy in Dungannon. In the source I think B Devlin puts across what the vice principal was like without being bias. Devlin just states the facts. "She Dislikes the English" "She didn't hate Protestants" Looking at these comments you can see that there is some hate between the vice principal and the English, but not because they are protestants. She hated the English because her family had suffered at the hands of British forces. This shows a reason why trouble might have broken out in Northern Ireland in 1969. British troops were occupying the towns in Northern Ireland trying to keep things peaceful, but many Irish people report being badly treated by the British troops and these people were mostly Catholics. This could of then led to trouble breaking out, but there seems to have been trouble between
Bloody Sunday - source based work
Bloody Sunday Coursework Q1. Source A shows a picture of the catholic civil rights marchers. This source shows that there were people marching on the 30th January 1972 so they were therefore involved in the march but the source does not tell us why they were marching. The source also shows the civil rights marchers are marching peacefully and there is no sign of trouble amongst them. Source B is an article from a British newspaper. Although the newspaper is British, it supports the Catholics, by saying that the protestant councils have discriminated against the Catholics, One reason is that the Protestants had been put in better houses than the Catholics and they both had to pay the same amount of rent. The fact that the British newspapers were supporting the Catholics could suggest that this is a reliable and unbiased source! This could be one of the reasons the Catholics were marching, it could be another reason alongside interment. Source C is probably an unbiased source because it is part of what a historian says about 'Bloody Sunday'; most historians look for the truth. This source does not say why the civil rights marchers were marching, but is still a very useful source because it tells us where the march originated. Source D shows that the Catholics were being treated less fairly than the Protestants, the source also says that the 'Ulster Protestant Action'
Differences between the beliefs of Nationalists and Unionists
Differences between the beliefs of Nationalists and Unionists In August 1968 the first civil rights march took place in support of families blighted by poor housing conditions. Protestants began to grow suspicious of these Catholic campaigners; for example Ian Paisley encouraged Protestants not to trust the marchers, as they were out to destroy Northern Ireland. In January 1969 the students from Queen's University of Belfast formed a more radical organisation called the People's Democracy. On New Years Day 1969 they led a peaceful march from Belfast to Londonderry. They passed through a strongly Protestant area provoking violent reactions from unionists and loyalists. At Burntollent Bridge, the marchers were ambushed by Protestant loyalists while police from the RUC looked on doing little to help. When the marchers reached Londonderry, loyalist mobs awaited them. RUC officers and B-Specials went into the Catholic Bogside area, terrorising and destroying everything in sight; smashing shop windows, throwing petrol bombs and singing abusive Protestant songs. After the fiasco at the Battle of the Bogside, a series of bomb explosions increased tension further. In April O'Neill resigned as Prime Minister after he didn't gain enough support for his latest '1 man, 1 vote' campaign. In order to try and stop the chaos, the British government sent in troops to restore law and order on
Prior to the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, all attempts to bring peace to Northern Ireland had failed. If the Good Friday Agreement is to succeed, what problems will have to be overcome?
Coursework Assignment 3 - Prior to the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, all attempts to bring peace to Northern Ireland had failed. If the Good Friday Agreement is to succeed, what problems will have to be overcome? In Northern Ireland, there has been a large conflict in opinion over should be in control of the country for many years. Some people believe that Ireland should be united as one and should have no control or influence from Britain. These, Catholics in the majority, are known as 'Republicans' or 'Nationalists'. Others, Protestants, known as 'loyalists' or 'unionists' believe that Northern Ireland should be separate, at least politically, from the Republic and be part of Britain, possibly ruled from London like it is now in the wake of the suspension of the Good Friday Agreement, or that Northern Ireland should be part of Britain but have its own Government. Religion, Patriotism and political belief have caused a great amount of conflict between the groups. In each group, many parties, sub-parties and splinter groups have been formed, each one having slightly different views based around the same idea and using different methods than others. An example of conflicting groups on the same 'side' would be the range of Nationalist groups that exist. The SDLP (Social Democratic Labour Party), arguably the most peaceful Nationalist organisation, believes in using
Boyle monologue - creative writing.
BOYLE MONOLOGUE Ah it's a beautiful day reminds me of em days when I was as carefree as a chiselur and I would sail around Ireland stopping at every port, telling the people of Ireland me stories of sailing the world. I remember it as if it was yesterday, all I had was me thoughts and a bottle of stout to keep me company and the wind blowed in me face and the waves lifted and dropped me boat. Ah em were the days em were the days ehh. But I suppose you wouldn't remember em days would ye. In em days Ireland was truly a great nation. Everyone was united and always happy to help out a fallen comrade, I can remember going for a whole week without food jus so a neighbours daughter could go and see a doctor. But nobody was keen to help me where they. when I had no money and couldn't get a job because of me terrible pains in me legs. I think of the tings I have done for Ireland's people and look at the way I am repaid I tell ye the whole place is in a state of chassis. Everybody is fighting between themselves. I lost me own son during this, he was a brave lad done his part for Ireland so be it was in vain god rest his soul. He died trying to free Ireland like thousands of others and the politicians give away our land to England. It's a disgrace our country is in chassis the church was quick to turn away from me when I was in need. They were always happy to take my money but not
How serious was the crisis in Ireland between 1909 and 1914?
How serious was the crisis in Ireland? (1909 - 1914) During the period of 1906 - 14 Britain witnessed a climate of social unrest and political bewilderment. A number of radical movements such as 'suffragism' and 'trade unionism' had undermined the disillusioned Liberal government in their attempt to push for reform. In spite of this, the crisis in Ireland had arguably posed the biggest threat. As recalled by Cate Brett "more important than votes for women and labour unrest was the vexed issue of Ireland and the controversy over Home Rule." The failed attempt to install the Home Rule Bill in 1886, which had the unfortunate effect of splitting the Liberal party, had repeatedly surfaced to cause further political segregation throughout the 1880s. It was unfortunate though that Asquith together with the Liberal party had the unenviable task of finding a solution to the re-emerged issue during the administrative period of 1909-1916. In order to counter the problem Asquith employed the use of somewhat impractical 'wait and see' approach. Nevertheless the tactic seemed logical. On one hand Asquith could not afford to lose the support of the Irish Nationalists. However it was impossible for Asquith to follow Gladstone's course due to the conservative opposition. The Conservatives were determined to preserve the ties with Ulster as a result of their stance in relation to
