The importance of the Brown vs. Board of Education decision on the subsequent civil rights movement cannot be understated.
The importance of the Brown vs. Board of Education decision on the subsequent civil rights movement cannot be understated. First of all, it reversed almost sixty years of legal decisions on segregation, beginning with Plessy vs. Ferguson. By declaring that the "separate but equal" argument for segregation was inherently unequal, the Brown decision opened the door for a wealth of legal battles against segregation at the local, state, and federal levels. It gave civil rights organizers their first serious victory of the 20th century and made it clear that blacks were indeed citizens of the republic, with rights to match. That assumption had been unclear ever since Plessy. In addition, the Brown decision set a precedent for the NAACP and other black civil rights organizations. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, the Supreme Court was exceptionally receptive to civil rights battles at a time when other government agencies, to say nothing of public opinion, were reluctant if not hostile to the struggle. Therefore, it was common for civil rights leaders to fight their battles through the courts rather than to fight for new legislation or local ordinances. With Brown, the courts became the arena of the civil rights movement. The response to the decision also provided a blueprint that much of the rest of the civil rights movement would follow. While the courts were willing to
How did non-violent tactics produce change for the civil rights movement?
Suzy Railly 11Bh How did non-violent tactics produce change for the civil rights movement? There had been a long history of non-violent resistance to racism in the U.S.A. One of the aims of the NAACP was to try and end segregation in education. It appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was acceptable, but only if black and white schools were equal. It was quickly proved that they were not equal, because more money was given to white schools. States in the Deep South refused to accept the judgement. In September 1957, black students attempted to attend Little Rock High School in Arkansas and were met with military force. Non-violence was met with aggression. In December 1955, Rosa Parks disobeyed the segregation policy on transport by refusing to give up her seat to a white man and she was arrested. However, the non-violent protest eventually led to the integration of transport when black people refused to use the buses. Martin Luther King supported although he was subjected to harassment. Again, non-violent protest was met with aggression, but the bus company gave in. Black and white 'Freedom Riders' sat next to each other in the Deep South although non-violent themselves, they were beaten up. President Kennedy sent U.S. Marshals to protect them when local authorities failed to. Freedom Riders campaigned against other forms of
An Analysis Of The Techniques Used In The “Dream Speech” By Martin Luther King
An Analysis Of The Techniques Used In The "Dream Speech" By Martin Luther King Martin Luther King was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on January 15, 1929. He entered Morehouse College at the age of 15 and was ordained a Baptist minister at the age of 18. Graduating from Crozer Theological Seminary as class president in 1951, he then did postgraduate work at Boston University. Martin Luther King's studies at Crozer and Boston led him to explore the works of the Indian nationalist Mohandas K. Gandhi, whose ideas became the core of his own philosophy of non-violent protest. While in Boston, he met Coretta Scott of Marion, Alabama. They were married in June 1953, and the following year King accepted an appointment as pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. On a visit to India in 1959 King was able to work out more clearly his understanding of Satyagraha, Gandhi's principle of non-violent persuasion, which King had determined to use as his main instrument of social protest. The next year he gave up his pastorate in Montgomery to become copastor (with his father) of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, a strategic move that enabled him to participate more effectively in the national leadership of the burgeoning civil rights movement. The speech itself contained a lot of different methods to provide the thrilling effect of it. He
A LIFE REMADE AS STORY: MARTIN GUERREMy summary of events:Martin Guerre was prosperous peasant from a village called Artigat
A LIFE REMADE AS STORY: MARTIN GUERRE My summary of events: Martin Guerre was prosperous peasant from a village called Artigat, in South-West France between Toulouse and Foix. In 1538 at about the age of 14 he was married to Bertrande de Rols who was even younger. In 1548 with a child a few months old, and after having `stolen' some grain from his own father, the twenty-four year old Martin disappeared. His father and mother died in the early 1550s. His uncle Pierre managed their affairs and land while waiting for the return of the absent heir. Pierre married Bertrande de Rols' widowed mother. In 1556 Martin arrived in Artigat and greeted people by name, recalling mundane facts about themselves and his past relations with them - Bertrande greeted him as her long-lost husband. He settled into the routines of village life; Bertrande had two more children. Soon there was gossip that this was an imposter, a man named Arnaud du Tilh, nicknamed `Pansette' (the belly). In 1560 the rumours and bad blood caused by disputes over family property led Pierre Guerre to instigate a court case - in the name of Bertrande de Rols - against Martin as an imposter. At the trial in Rieux over thirty witnesses from the village swore that this was the real Martin Guerre, but more than forty denied it. The court decided that this Martin was a fraud and sentenced him to death, but he appealed the
Martin Luther King.
Martin Luther King Martin Luther King had great expectations for our nation. He was a famous minister and civil rights leader who persuaded many to feel the way he did. He wanted everyone to be equal and have the same opportunities. He believed everyone should have freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of assembly and requested - even demanded - these rights for every race, color and creed. Most leaders direct their attention toward their own group, but Martin Luther King wanted freedom and fairness for all. That is why his heroism and independence had an impact on the entire world. His words of wisdom and reality opened many eyes and shaped the nation. Many were moved by his power and touched by the fact that he understood them. Martin Luther King was different because he did something about the loathing, violence and racism. He stood up for what he believed in, which took courage and time. He was assassinated, but he fought for justice to the end. Because of Martin Luther King, people today are not separated by iron gates and stone walls, but work together in hopes of making a better tomorrow. We are free to join hands with people of not only all races, but of all religious beliefs and nationalities. We have the opportunity to grow up in a society where there is an understanding of other religions and races. Martin Luther King stood up for what he believed
Asylum countries of origin: Afghanistan
Asylum countries of origin: Afghanistan The facts and figures behind Afghanistan, the third top country by applicant for asylum in the UK in 2002. In 2002 there were 7,380 applications for asylum in the UK from people from Afghanistan. This figure, a decrease from 9,000 the year before, meant Afghanistan was no longer the biggest single originator of asylum claims to the UK as it was in 2001. At the initial application stage, more than 4,800 Afghans were allowed to stay in the UK, with 110 classed as refugees and the rest granted exceptional leave to remain. Country background: Instability has continued to characterise Afghanistan since the overthrow of the Taleban by US-led forces in the wake of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks. The interim government under Hamid Karzai hopes to agree a new constitution with elections to follow within two years. An international protection force operates in the capital Kabul, but lawlessness and banditry are major problems across the country. Infighting between local commanders over power and territory is common and conflict continues to break out in the southern and eastern regions of the country. Human rights group Amnesty International has warned that the institutions essential to implement the rule of law and to protect human rights are weak. AFGHANISTAN FACTS Population: 24 million (UN) Capital: Kabul
My View on the Civil Rights MovementThe anger of Blacks was deep-rooted Art, poems, Jazz, the Blues all expressed
My View on the Civil Rights Movement The anger of Blacks was deep-rooted Art, poems, Jazz, the Blues all expressed it Communist organisations espoused civil rights as early as the 30s Past injustices were strong motivation Great migration changed everything Truman Concerned with international prestige Desegregation Moral and economic motivations Could have gone further, but didnít The Fifties Brown v. Board of Education was just enough to gain the US prestige Was never really enforced Black power had roots in Rosa Parksí time Early stirrings of the movement had a powerful affect on southern Blacks, stirring something JFK Concerned about the support of the South Didnít help CORE until it became a big thing Bobby sold them out LBJ Like LBJ, JFK, and all his predecessors, didnít truly protect the Blacks, so when they began to move, they experienced massive resistance Civil Rights Acts "were enforced poorly or ignored" Government tried to channel anger "into the voting box" March on Washington dominated by Kennedy, who made it peaceful MLK didnít express the anger, Lewis wasnít allowed to Malcolm X: "It was a sellout. It was a takeover." Bringing Blacks into coalition of democrats Legislation was useless Voting hadnít helped the Harlem Blacks Kerner Report issued just for symbolism, thus was rejected Civil Rights Act
September 1957,the first day of new school year in Arkansas
September 1957,the first day of new school year in Arkansas. The United States government obliged all public schools to let black people join in. The city authorities were expecting a mass arrival of black students to the educational center. In order to prevent riots the governor of Arkansas sent guards to protect white students, and not allow black ones to come in. Only one black girl showed up. Elisabeth Eckford , 15year old student, arrived by bus to her new school. She was wearing white dress, black sunglasses, carrying some books in her hands. She was walking steadily and very calmly. She crossed the street in order to reach school. All the students in the schoolyard were standing, staring at her and wondering if the guards would let her in. She was going to pass the entrance when a guard intercepted her way. He told her that the guards were not there to protect her but to prevent all the blacks students to come into the school. She turned around and started walking along the path, with a crowd of students following behind. The street was full of people looking at her, curious spectators, nosy neighbors. The journalists were taking pictures and TV cameras were filming her. Elisabeth was walking past all these people, tranquilly and sure of herself. People started insulting her, making racist comments. Neither she responded or argued. . Hazel Bryan was a student
Sociolegal Issues on Women in Islam
Sociolegal Issues on Women in Islam The biggest challenge facing Muslim societies today is the challenge of change. How does one reconcile the tenets of one's faith to the challenge of modernity, to the challenge of changing times and circumstances? The reassertion of Islam that has gripped almost all Muslim countries has brought forth different levels of tension and competing ideologies within Muslim societies. What Islam, whose Islam is the right Islam? In this conflict, the status of women has often been the first Battle ground. The turn towards Islam is marked not by the liberating message of the religion that granted women the right to equality, to own property, to justice- rights considered revolutionary 1,400 years ago- but is often dominated by growing intolerance and repressive teachings and practices, particularly on matters involving women's rights and fundamental liberties. While women in Malaysia do enjoy many rights and benefits that are often denied to their sisters in other Muslim countries, there is growing concern that the reassertion of conservative Islam and traditional beliefs justified in the name of religion increasingly undermine women's ability to access those rights granted to them under the law. Highlights of some of the broad sociolegal issues of concern that impede women's struggle for equality and justice are as follows: I. The use of
The Great Society
The Great Society After President Kennedy's death, it was President Lyndon Baines Johnson who took easy victory in the Presidential Election of 1964. He went beyond Kennedy's New Frontier to create his idea of the Great Society. His society was where "freedom from the wants of the body can help fulfil the needs of spirit". He believed poverty is the greatest evil upon society so he attempted to end it. He wanted to end racial discrimination in employment and education. In 1964, he described his dream of "The Great Society" to students at the University of Michigan. He said that it fifty years, "there will be four hundred Americans and in the remainder of this century urban population will double, city land will double and we will have to build homes and highways and facilities so in the next forty years, we must rebuild the entire Untied States". With the support of the people and Congress, President Johnson attempted to introduce as many new laws as possible. So in 1964, the Civil Rights Act banned discrimination in public accommodations and gave federal government power to enforce desegregation and prosecute voting rights violations. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 ended literacy tests for voting and the 1966 Minimum Wage Law increased the rate from 1.25 dollars to 1.40 dollars. As an experienced politician he knew that this "honeymoon period" would soon end. The Great
