Honeybourne (1996)
Extrinsic Motivation
External factors can be extremely powerful in determining weather we want to learn a particular skill and weather we want o perfect it. External factors often come in the form of rewards such as medals, money and prizes. The pressures from other people can also be extrinsic motivators; some young people participate in a sporting event just to please their parents.
Intrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation is a term used for the internal drives to participate or perform well. Such drives or emotional feelings include fun, enjoyment in participating and the satisfaction that can be felt that can be felt in playing a particular game. Personal accomplishment and a sense of pride are also intrinsic factors
Maslows Hierarchy of needs
Proposes that individuals have various levels of motivational needs, both physiological and psychological, that must be fulfilled in a specific order. People continue to attempt to satisfy those needs lower down the hierarchy before progressing to the next level. According to Maslow, there are general types of needs (physiological, safety, love, and esteem). As long as we are motivated to satisfy these cravings, we are moving towards growth and self-actualization. Satisfying needs is healthy; blocking fulfilment of these needs makes us sick or evil.
Psychological needs
Physiological needs are the very basic needs such as air, water, food, sleep, sex, etc. When these are not satisfied we may feel sickness, irritation, pain, discomfort, etc. These feelings motivate us to alleviate them as soon as possible to establish homeostasis. Once they are alleviated, we may think about other things.
Safety needs
Safety needs are to do with establishing stability and consistency; these are mostly psychological in nature. We need the security at home, work and with family.
Love needs
Humans have a desire to belong to groups: clubs, work groups, religious groups, family, gangs, etc. We need to feel loved (non-sexual) by others, to be accepted by others. We need to be needed.
Esteem needs
There are two types of esteem needs. Firstly, self esteem which results from competence or mastery of a task. Secondly, there’s the attention and recognition that comes from others. For example, to drive an expensive car because doing so raises their level of esteem, due to recognition from mates etc.
Self-actualisation
The need for self-actualization is "the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming." People who have everything can maximize their potential. They can seek knowledge, peace, aesthetic experiences, self-fulfilment, and oneness with God, etc.
