Evolution and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

EVOLUTION AND THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS For the past several years there has been an ongoing argument about how humankind and other animals have evolved. One of the most controversial and debated topics is if the theory of evolution contradicts the Second Law of Thermodynamics; and also if the theory of evolution is in fact precise. As well as contrasting the different beliefs of evolution, this paper will look at whether the theory of evolution is in contradiction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics. As there are many arguments and standpoints about this topic, I will discuss both perspectives of the argument and then draw a conclusion based on the information presented. Evolutionists believe that all forms of life on earth today including humans have evolved and developed from single celled creatures and that for about the past 3.4 million years, small single-celled bacteria have developed into creatures with much more complexity. Evolutionists also believe that all the living things on earth today are still evolving into different creatures, meaning that in the distant future, the creatures will have some resemblance to us, but they will have different structures. Charles Darwin, a British scientist during the 19th century had some important backbone beliefs of evolutionists today, including the theory that man evolved from apes. On the other hand,

  • Word count: 1641
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Law
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Natural Law Explain the theory of Natural Law.

Natural Law Explain the theory of Natural Law. A basic definition of natural law is that it is the moral code which human beings are naturally inclined towards. We know that there are certain scientific laws which are constant throughout history and throughout the world. (For instance, the law of gravity or the Newton's Law.) This principle is the same for natural law. It can be said that natural law can be discovered by the individual with the use of both observation and reason; we observe people behaving in the same way every time and use our reason to work out answers which people all over the world have also come up with. Reason is needed to discover the purpose that God gave to his people. Christianity supports the theory of natural law strongly and has created much interest from Christian philosophers, such as Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas picked up and developed the idea of natural law from Aristotle, the great Greek philosopher. Aquinas believed that the use of reason by humanity originated from God, therefore implying that faith and reason are needed for a person to live in accordance with natural law; one should not follow God (or any other superior being that one may hold belief in) blindly, but should instead use common sense, reason and natural inclination to live out their lives. It is a healthy balance brought together by Aquinas to create the basis for the main

  • Word count: 965
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Law
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The Work of the Magistrates Court and Magistrates

The Work of the Magistrates Court and Magistrates In the legal system there are many different types of courts. This essay talks about the Magistrates Courts and the Magistrates themselves. The office of magistrate dates back to the 12th century when Richard 1 appointed "keepers of the peace". They have performed judicial functions since the 13th century and the term, justice of the peace was being used as far back as 1361. Magistrates were in charge of the police up until 1839. Paid magistrates have existed since the late 18th century and they have had to be legally qualified since the mid 19th century, when it was decided they must be barristers. Lay magistrates in England and Wales, except in the Duchy of Lancaster, are appointed by the Lord Chancellor on behalf of the Sovereign. Candidates are recommended to the Lord Chancellor for appointment by his local advisory Committees. These consist of magistrates and other local people. The Lord Chancellor will consider a candidate's personal suitability for appointment regardless of ethnic origin, gender, marital status, political affliction, religion or (depending on the physical requirements of the office) disability. Preparation for becoming a magistrate involves induction evenings, training days and visits to prisons and young offenders institutions. It may take two years to be vetted, approved, trained and sworn in but

  • Word count: 1685
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Law
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Legal proceedings are a seminal example of a cultural performance. For this case study I observed Murder trial proceedings at the Supreme Court of New South Wales (Taylor Square) - September 2004

THFI 1002 READING PERFORMANCE LAURA GOODMAN PEFORMANCE ANALYSIS FIELWORK EXERCISE z3100656 DUE THUSDAY 16th SEPTEMBER WEEK 8 Legal proceedings are a seminal example of a cultural performance. For this case study I observed Murder trial proceedings at the Supreme Court of New South Wales (Taylor Square) - September 2004 The performance of a legal proceeding; its content, manner, actors, audience and setting, all reflect certain cultural and societal traditions evident in the practice of age old English tribunals from which the Australian legal system has derived. Yet, from an analysis of these various element one can recognize how this practice reflects the influenced (or lack there of) of many other societal values, religion, gender roles and modernity, on society as a whole. The content of the courtroom performance is based on legal documentation and practice, its roots deeply embedded in precedent and values imbued by the "rule of law". The script of the performance, being the arguments presented by the adversarial bodies and the interaction of the Judge, are carefully comprised and supported by written legal documentation which remains on display for all to see. Folders of evidence and research and secondary materials litter the courtroom and serve the purpose to legitimize oral arguments and intimidate the opposing side. Dialect is formal and formulaic.

  • Word count: 2045
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Law
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In the Constitution of the United States, the Second Amendment stated that every citizens had the right to bear arms.

Second Amendment For the last few thousand years, weapons had scared the world history with hundreds not to say thousands of wars and slaughter of human being. People are to kill or be killed. Weapons are a common element of the modern world. The first weapon dates from the stone age which about 2,000,000 BC. At this time in history, weapons were used to obtain vitals and games. Humans have no slaughtering in between their own race. During the ensuing period humans began shaping stones and bones as weapons to hunt, but only to hunt. By the time we got to the 13th century, knives became a daily necessity due for protections against forest thieves and road robbers. In the 19th century, weapons were used as a tool to win a war. However, the 20th century weapons are now killing machines that are designed to kill, and accompanied to defense. As you can see, evolution brought us in the primary stage of weapons in the modern world. During the American Revolution, large amount of weapons and artillery were used. After the war, the Bill of Right and the 10 Fundamental Amendments were set up for the further expansion of the law. However, one of the Amendments obstructed the balance of citizens' peace by providing freedom to arm themselves. In the Constitution of the United States, the Second Amendment stated that every citizens had the right to bear arms. The law stated as in the very

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Law
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Douglas & Others V Hello! Magazine. Ltd.

Law Douglas & Others V Hello! Magazine. Ltd For the first time a Hollywood couple has put a figure on their personal suffering, even though their claim for an invasion of privacy failed in the High Court. Catherine Zeta-Jones and her husband Michael Douglas demanded £100,000 for their hurt feelings when snatched pictures from their wedding appeared in Hello! Magazine. Their demand for £50,000 each is on top of a claim for £500,000 for interference in their commercial rights to pictures of their wedding. Zeta-Jones had told the court: "It's not about the money; it's absolutely not about the money." She added, in a telling aside: "One million pounds is not that much to us." The couple ordered their lawyers to act after a handful of hazy pictures taken by gatecrasher Rupert Thorpe was published in Hello!" The actors had signed a 1 million exclusive deal with rivals OK! for coverage of their wedding at the New York Plaza hotel in November 2000. Zeta-Jones, said she felt "violated" when she found out that Hello! had been first to publish pictures. Her husband, 58, said he felt as if his house had been ransacked and all his belongings thrown into the street. In April Mr. Justice Lindsay rejected their privacy claim but accepted they had suffered distress and ruled the stars could sue for damages because their rights of confidence had been breached. The couple and OK! submitted

  • Word count: 2068
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Law
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The Supreme Court of Canada and the Charter: Democratic or Anti-Democratic?

The Supreme Court of Canada and the Charter: Democratic or Anti-Democratic? A democracy is a way of governing a country in which the people elect representatives to form a government on behalf of the country; with such a government, the idea is that everyone in that country has social equality. Social equality is state of uniformity in quantity, measure, value, privileges, status, or rights within a given society. Canada is thought to be a democratic country because, similar to the definition, the Canadian citizens select representatives by ballot to form a government on behalf of the country. The Canadian judicial system has two key elements by which to represent the country: The Supreme Court of Canada (group of 9 appointed judges) and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Supreme Court of Canada stands at the apex of the Canadian judicial system. It is the final general court of appeal, the last judicial resort for all litigants, whether individuals or governments. Its jurisdiction embraces both the civil law of the province of Quebec and the common law of the other provinces and territories. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is a set of laws revised by the Supreme Court in order to ensure safety, morality and equality to all citizens. Some individuals state that the Canadian judicial system is democratic as everyone has equal rights and freedoms and

  • Word count: 2764
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Law
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Was The New Poor Law A Success Or A Failure?

Was The New Poor Law A Success Or A Failure? This question is asking me whether the New Poor Law Amendment Act, which was introduced in 1834, was more successful than then the Old Poor Law. The reason the New Poor Law was introduced was because too many able-bodied poor were claiming benefits without actually working and trying to gain money themselves through manual labour. They felt that if they were going to be given money anyway to top-up their wages, then why didn't they just claim the full amount from Benefits? Therefore, a new system was needed to ensure that the able-bodied poor would work for their money, and if they didn't they would have to work in very poor conditions in the workhouses. Successes of the New Poor Law There were many advantages of the New Poor Law, including a decrease in cost of poor relief, Education for children who lived within poor families and more able-bodied poor people working for their money. The Decrease in cost of poor relief meant that less people were willing to claim poor relief, as it was a lot less glamorous than it used to be. Less money was spent on the quality of food and housing within the workhouses, which meant that people held it in dread and didn't want to have to go there. The diet within the workhouses was worse than anything that was available outside, and the work was very demanding and challenging, with many people

  • Word count: 769
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Law
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Justices of the Peace - Magistrates Courts

MAGISTRATES Some 30 000 Justices of the Peace sit in a thousand or so Magistrates' Courts all over the country, and nearly 300 in Bristol alone. They are appointed by the Lord Chancellor on the recommendation of local committees consisting largely of existing magistrates. This process gives rise to the criticism - perhaps justified - that the selection procedures tend to favour the appointment of new magistrates whose views are compatible with existing members'. Magistrates must be aged between 27 and 65 at the time of appointment (though very few in fact are under 40); they must be British, Irish or Commonwealth citizens; they must be in good health (sufficient to enable them to do the job); and they must live within or close to the area served by the court to which they are appointed. They must have satisfactory hearing, but in 1998 the Lord Chancellor appointed the first blind magistrate for over 50 years, and several other blind people have been appointed subsequently. According to an official handout from the Lord Chancellor's Department, the key qualities sought in those applying to be magistrates are as follows: Good character: Personal integrity - respect and trust of others - respect for confidences - absence of any matter which might bring them or the Magistracy into disrepute - willingness to be circumspect in private, working and public life. Understanding and

  • Word count: 5953
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Law
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prisoners rights

Introduction The degree of civilization in a society can be judged by entering its prisons. A society cannot be recognized as a civilized society unless it treats the prisoners with sympathy and affection. This treatment is not possible till the society recognizes and accepts their basic human rights and the fundamental rights. A prisoner, be he a convict or under trial or a detenu, does not cease to be a human being. Even when lodged in jail, he continues to enjoy all his basic human rights and fundamental rights including the right to life guaranteed to him under the Constitution. On being convicted of crime and deprived of their liberty in accordance with the procedure established by law, prisoners shall retain the residue of the Constitutional rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 stipulates that " No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment"[1]. Article 21 of the Constitution of India, which recognizes that the right to life includes a right to live with human dignity and not mere animal existence, strengthens this mandate. Thus, a prison atmosphere can be accepted as civilized only if it recognizes the basic human rights and the constitutional rights of the prisoners and makes efforts for the effective and meaningful enjoyment of the same by means of prison reforms. Prisoner's Rights The prisoner's

  • Word count: 5125
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Law
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