The characteristics of pidgins include:
- invariable word order usually Subject-Verb-Object order
- minimal pronoun system without gender or Case
- absence of agreement markers for number or negation
- infrequent use of prepositions
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use of no as a double negative
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lack of inversion, auxiliaries, subject pronouns and possessive "-s"
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use of (a)mi as first person singular subject pronoun and the use of vos as the second-person subject pronoun.
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confusion of ser and estar, or use of sa and santar for all persons and tenses
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use of bai from the third person singular form of ir in Portuguese, as the verb for `to go.'
The combination of West African and Spanish languages create a pidgin language with unusual phonemes and grammatical rules. For instance Pidgin Bozal has Spanish and Portuguese characteristics but also has African grammatical rules uncharacteristic of Spanish or Portuguese such as “….simple sentences with minimal subordination or conjunction, inflectional endings, the simplification of pronouns, articles and prepositions, repetition of grammar.” For example in Haiti, Cuba and Puerto Rico, where Yoruba, Efik and Kikongo mixed with Spanish the following rules were created in Bozal Spanish:
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Non-inverted questions como ¿qué tú quieres?”
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Swallowing of the "s," at the end of words and often pronounce the "r" as an "l". This is because in the African tongue there is no "s" or "r" sound.
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Use of personal infinitives and redundant pronouns. The infinitive is preceded by an subject following a preposition such as: para yo salir’ o' antes de yo venir `before I came,'.
- Absence of Gender and number in nouns and adjectives.
- Loss of prepositions a and de and instead the use of na
- Loss of articles
- Elimination of the form to be. Instead the use of verb + predicate adjective is used. Ex: Yo voy instead of estoy ir
- Absence of que
- Use of the subject pronoun vos.
- Use of tener instead of haber
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Eliminaton of vowel and consonants
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Use of ta + Infinitive
To show the characteristics in Bozal I used 2 examples: La juega de gallos o el negro bozal by Puerto Rican Ramón Caballero and an excerpt of Over, by Hatian Marrero Aristy.
Over Por Hatian Marrero Aristy
En la finca tó son ladrón. Roba el bodeguera, roba el pesador, roba la mayordomo, y yo ta creyendo que la má ladrón de toitico son el blanco que juye en su carro.
Bodeguel! A mi me se olvida el manteca. Vendeme un poquita ... dipensá ... mi no sabé ... dipensamué ...compai, utea decía la beldá! la dominicane son palejele!
pasá mué cinco uí papá, uí papá. yo me va enseguila. Bodeguela, depacha mué plonto. Yo quiele dejá la comía con la fam, pa jallalo cociná cuando viene del cote. tu son gente grande, porque tu come tó lo día, compai. (a mi sacán casi ajogao, compai!) compé, la saf tá fini (a mí no consiga má! la jambre ta dura, )cuándo tu va dando una trabajita? Qué pasando a compai bodeguel?
La juega de gallos o el negro bozal by Ramón Caballero
Ja, Nazaria, tú mirá señorita anoche cómo taba miringando? Y niña Fererica i ... qué duce.
Ah Nazaria, no son tú corazoná. Tú siempre ta jablando a mí con grandísima rigó. Yo ta queré mucho a ti, grande grande así son mi sufrimienta, aquí yari yari mucho, si tú ta queré mi corazó .
yo ba libetá a ti Nazaria. Yo ta trabajando, y ta juntando dinero pa ti...
No Nazaria, no ta gritando así hombe, brángaman Dio!
Mirá, yo tiene uno becero en casa ño Juan de Dio, yo tiene dinero juntando y niña Fererica ba a da a mí pa comprá uno llegua.
Nazaria, brángaman Dio turu me ta morotificá
La charachtaristicas:
- Simplificada de el palabra todo
tó son ladrón , tó lo día
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La usa de ta + infinitivo _
ta creyendo, ta dura, ta queré, tá fini, , taba miringando, ta jablando, ta trabajando ,
ta queré, ta juntando, no ta gritando,
- Pronombre sujetos redundantes
mi me se olvida , tú ta queré
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mué en lugar de mí _
- La Eliminacion de vocals /i, u/
consiga en lugar de conseguir o conseguia
- ausencía de generó y numero en adjetivos
son el blanco, el manteca, un poquita
- la tensa de el verbo es incorrecto
tu son gente grande, yo me va, tu va, yo tiene
- Infintivios personalizados
a mi sacán, a mí no consiga
- Nasalizacíon of /n/
brángaman
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La reflexiva usa de la reflexiva como
me se olvida en español.
- elusion de /r,s/ final o un consonante
pa ti in lugar de para ti, duce in lugar de dulce, Dio in lugar de Dios, pa comprá.
Era tambien mas palabras que cambia de Español por Bozal.
Lexicon
mué mi compai corazoná y corazó corazón
comprar decía decir jablando hablando
fini finir consiga tambié tambien
consiguir trabajita trabajar duce dulce
depacha despacha Dio Diós
Después un tiempo, la estructura cambío y se hace una lengua creole por dos rezones: Le empienza a usar en la literature cual le dá una structura gramatica más uniforme como Español y porque los esclavos les empezaban a entender Español. Cuando empezaban
Simularities and diffences
Once literary `black Spanish' became established in Golden Age drama, the linguistic characteristics move sharply away from pidgin Portuguese, and acquire traits typical of Spanish `foreigner talk,' together with considerable phonetic deformation. After 1550, use of (a)mi as subject pronoun rapidly disappears (Lipski 1991), as does use of bai/vai for `to go.' Unstable gender and number assignment remain, as do incorrectly conjugated verb forms, although use of the uninflected infinitive becomes increasingly rare. Confusion of ser and estar is still found from time to time, augmented by use of sar, and loss of the copula occurs sporadically. (Lipski p.3) “by the end of the 18th century…Cribbean bozal texts appear,
Begin loosing bozal creating other languages. The forced integration between slaves and Europeans not only shows the process how a new language is created but also how languages are also lost due to the socioeconomic circumstances encroached upon a culture, forcing them to communicate in other languages or dialects. African languages were lost not only because of slavery but also because the slaves who spoke creole were favored over the ones who only spoke Bozal.
The African Languages died because the africans were forced by their circumstances to avoid the language associated with their economic exploitation forcing the creolization of Bozal into Afro Carribean Spanish.
Oraciones y Syntax:
1.
Double negative
2. Yo te boy á traé uno traje pompadú Yo te voy a traje uno pompadú.
3.
4. folklore collection de Mason and Espinosa 1918: 361
Nanqui toy ma mákinley...
Negro nalla en Africa vivía
limbre como mariposa ...
Nanllí lan día se curía
tran de tiguiri y lión,
limbre como el mismo sol ...
Vine aquí nan Poto Rico
de una borega nanfondo,
me llevaron lo nemonios,
nontron se jicieron rico ...
Palenquero
Palenquero is a language spoken in San Basilio Columbia. The palenque at San Basilio was founded by negros cimarrones in the 16th and 17th centuries. It was isolated from Colombian society, which is why its Creole language has managed to survive. The current population is between 3,000 and 4,000 whom speak the Palenquero and Spanish.
Palenquero
Simularities
- ta + infinitive = ir + infinitive
ta changes tenses: present progressive, habitual, future and past progressive.
- In rapid speech, the geminate is frequently simplified
cerquita sekita carne kane
- [d] > [l]
pele perder bela verdad
Differences
- vowels [o, e] change to [u, i]
cunose conocer bitilo vestido
- The initial & intervocalic Spanish /d/ is replaced by [O] or [l] and /r/ is replaced by [l]
Ojende diente sela cerrar
Kwioao cuidado luolia rodilla
- There is no verb + preposition; prepositions take direct objects and are not used with the exception of ku for con.
- No gender. Adjectives are from the masculine in Spanish.
Oraciones
Ese nata é susio Esta cremera es sucia.
Í ta ablá kateyano nu. No hablando español. ta + infinitive
¿Bo asé kumé kane? Comía carne?
Ma aguelo ele taba bibí a monte. Sus abuelos hubo vivido en el bosque
Ma jende lo ke ta arí ané é má bruto que ané. Los gentes quien se rein a los estan más
estupido tan ellos.
Í akoddá nombre d’ese mujé aora nu. No me recuredo el nombre de que mujer
ahora.
Papiamentu
Papiamentu was introduced by Sephardic Jews and Portuguese. Papiamentu is spoken north of Venezuela on Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire in the islands of the Netherlands Antilles. Papiamentu derived about two-thirds of its words from Spanish, Portuguese, and Galician, Dutch, English, French, and different African languages. Curaçao was originally inhabited by Amerindians speaking an Arawakan and then was settled by the Spanish in 1527. The natives learned Spanish but this was disrupted when the Dutch seized Curaçao and Bonaire in 1634 and Aruba in 1688. The Dutch understood Spanish and Portuguese and used it to communicate with them. Papiamentu stabilized as a creole language in the 1700. By the end of the century it spread from there to Bonaire and then to Aruba. Estimates from 1995 approximately 200,000 speakers
Papiamentu
Papiamentu uses:
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The phonemes include Spanish consonants and vowels and contains a large percentage words from Spanish and Portuguese
Frio frio largu largo boka boca
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Papiamentu uses preverbal particle system with invariant verb stems from the Portuguese/Spanish infinitive,
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ta + infinitive, or ta + verb
Kon ta bay? Mi ta bon. Cómo está usted? Estoy bien.
Kuanta e ta kost? E ta barata. Cuánto cuesta? Está barato/a.
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use of the invariant subject pronouns elle/nelle/ne in place of él/ella/ellos/ellas
Difference
- Papiamentu's uses high (´) and low (`) tones to distinguish between certain words
sálà sala sàlá sal
- subject pronouns undifferentiated for gender
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use of [w] not found in Spanish
awe hoy ahuora ahora
- Particles appears before subject pronouns,
lo mi bai Me voy
¡brágame Dios la tragín que lo tiene la critiano!
¿Y a oté, qué lo va ni lo viene, oté va viví enella?
Chabacano
Chabacano es una mexcla de espanol y Tagalog y es un idioma que se considera criollo. Chabacano desarrollaba por los espanoles quien volvieron a las islas de Filipinas en el siglo quince. La mayor parte de el vocabulario español tienia una gran influencia de lenguas Filipinas, como el cebuano o el tagalog. Hablan Chabacano, en la provincia de Cavite, cerca de Manila, en la isla de Luzón y ellos mantenen vivo este criollo entre las nuevas generaciones. Se hablan Chabacano en Ternate and Cavite, Manila Bay, Zamboanga y en Cotabato quen es sobre la isla de Mindanao, y en la isla de Basilan Island.
Chabacano
The Spaniards
Chabacano uses:
The voiced obstruents /b, d, g/ are almost always realized as stops, i.e. [b, d, g].
The dental [d] has been eliminated from the -ado ending: gente rabiao ‘angry person’.
Spanish /f/ has been displaced by /p/, as a result of substrate influence: Èpondo fondo, Èpwela fuera.
Spanish /x/ surfaces as /h/: huÈga jugar, Èhente gente.
Spanish /t/ surfaces either as [ts] :Èpetso pecho.
The Spanish trill /r/ has merged with the tap /R/: Èrosas < rosas.
[l] modification is not uncommon in syllable-final position: Èbilhen < virgen, Ètalde< tarde.
Infinitives end in a stressed vowel, rather than /R/: haÈbla < hablar.
initial stressed vowels are often preceded by a glottal stop: lagoimeÈa < lagrimear.
the tenselessness of verb forms is compensated by the routine use of pre-verbal particles.
Chabacano has both a definite and an indefinite article el and un, but both are invariant: el bata ‘the boy’, el voz ‘the voice’, un bata mujer ‘the woman’. The contraction del also occurs: debajo del olas.
Adjectives can usually be used as adverbs
gender simply is non-existent. adjectives being descended from the masculine in Spanish. the masculinity or femininity of nouns can be signaled from the base noun of words.
plurality expressed through the particle mana and sometimes s or es
Con/Cun is used to mark personal direct and indirect objects
The preposition na (probably of Portuguese origin) is used in locative and directional constructions
Use of ser is routine
Some of the words are exactly Spanish in every sense and sound
bini tu aqui. vente aqui
de donde vienes? donde tu ya bini?
gender simply is non-existent
El mujer alto ya andá na plaza
La mujer alta fue al mercardo.
‘The tall woman went to the market’,
El escuela limpio
La escuela es limpia
‘The school is clean’.
masculinity or femininity of nouns can be signaled from the base noun of words meaning ‘male’ or ‘female’, como macho and mujer; thus, e.g., el caballo mujer ‘the mare’.
plurality
the particle mana or in Tagalog mga
el mana casa las casas
el mana compañera los compañeros
-s/-es
rosa → rosas,
plor → plores flores
su mana pulseras sus pulseras
no plural marker is used with numeric determiners: siete mujer ‘seven women’.
absence of person and number marking in the verb is offset by the fact that subject pronouns (listed in the table below) are obligatory if there is no lexical subject
Adjectives can usually be used as adverbs:
Eli ta clavá bueno el vista Ella se mira
absence of person and number in the verb is offset by the fact that subject pronouns (listed in the table below) are obligatory if there is no lexical subject:
the tenselessness of verb forms is compensated by the routine use of pre-verbal particles. The most important of these are as follows:
Con/Cun is used to mark personal direct and indirect objects (in Zamboangueño, con/cun is used also with non-personal direct objects):
Ya mirá yo cun José.
Yo mirá José.
Ele ya empesá buscá que buscá con el sal.
Ella empienza a busar para el sal.
The preposition na (probably of Portuguese origin) is used in locative and directional constructions:
Eli ya andá na escuela.
Ella fue a la escuela
Mario ya dormí na casa.
Mario dormí en la casa
Finally, omission of ser is routine (
(11) Yo pilipino. (‘I am Philippine.’)
. Some of the words are exactly Spanish in every sense and sound
Spanish words. for instance, the Spaniards would say: "vente aqui" (come here), Caviteño or the Manileño would say it thus: bini tu aqui. And again in Spanish "de donde vienes?" (Where do you come from?) In Caviteño or Ternateño: donde tu ya bini?
Para cun aquel mga Caviteno o otro mga genti qui quieri sabi un poco Chabacano, di puni niso mga simple palabra aqui.
Buenas dias. (Good day)
Buenas tardes. (Good afternoon)
Buenas noches. (Good evening)
Bienvenida. (Welcome.)
Que tal ustedes? (How are you?)[Plural]
Que tal tu? (How are you?)[Singular]
Bueno tambien,gracias. (Fine,thank you)
Y tu? (And you?)
Bueno rin, gracias.
Cosa tu nombre? (What's your name?)
Mi nombre Jocelyn. (My name is Jocelyn)
Donde tu ta quida? (Where do you live?)
Ta quida yo na______. (I live at_______)
Quien tu padre? (Who is your father?)
Donde tu di anda? (Where are you going?)
Di anda yo na escuela. (I am going to school.)
Di anda yo na plaza.(I am going to the market.)
Cosa tu ta lliva? (What are you carrying?)
Ta lliba yo mi mga libro.(I am carrying my books.)
Ta lliba yo mi basket.(I am carrying my basket.)
Qui hora ya ba? (What time is it?)
A las dos ya dela tarde.(It is already two in the afternoon.)
Cosa esti? (What is this?)
Cosa aquel? (What is that?)
Conclusion
The Integration of language happens when populations coexist. Pidgin language was created because the slaves had no one to speak their languages with and were forced to learn the European languages. The forced integration between slaves and Europeans not only shows the process how a new language is created but also how languages are also lost due to the socioeconomic circumstances encroached upon a culture, forcing them to communicate in other languages or dialects. African languages were lost not only because of slavery but also because the slaves who spoke creole were favored over the ones who only spoke Bozal.
The African Languages died because the africans were forced by their circumstances to avoid the language associated with their economic exploitation forcing the creolization of Bozal into Afro Carribean Spanish.
Grammar than with whether or not speakers who have given up their ancestral languages and cultures have adapted beneficially to their current, changed or changing, socioeconomic ecologies.
However managed to maintain some of the grammatical structure of the native African language and morphology of African and Spanish words.
of the socio-economic majority
Their creole children learned the colonial vernaculars and would later on serve as models to bozal slaves of the plantation stage.
Lipski, El Espanol de America p. 134
