Investigate how the pulse changes during physical exercise.
Results: Steps exercise (pulse p/sec) Normal pulse rate 5 sec After exercise After exercise with 1 minute After exercise with 2 minutes After exercise with 3 minutes 17 01 pulse p/sec 68 pulse p/sec 26 pulse p/sec 6 pulse p/sec Repeated 1: Normal pulse rate After exercise After exercise with 1 minute After exercise with 2 minutes After exercise with 3 minutes After exercise with 4 minutes 8 98 72 30 9 Repeated 2: Normal pulse rate After exercise After exercise with 1 minute After exercise with 2 minutes After exercise with 3 minutes After exercise with 4 minutes 20 08 81 34 9 Repeated 3: Normal pulse rate After exercise After exercise with 1 minute After exercise with 2 minutes After exercise with 3 minutes After exercise with 4 minutes 9 10 84 40 26 7 Average: Normal pulse rate After exercise After exercise with 1 minute After exercise with 2 minutes After exercise with 3 minutes After exercise with 4 minutes 8 04 76 32 20 Results: Jumping exercise (pulse p/sec) Normal pulse rate After exercise After exercise with 1 minute After exercise with 2 minutes After exercise with 3 minutes After exercise with 4 minutes 20 28 01 81 44 9 Repeated 1: Normal pulse rate After exercise After exercise with 1 minute After exercise with 2 minutes After exercise with 3 minutes
To find out how different exercises affect your pulse rate.
Aim: To find out how different exercises affect your pulse rate Prediction: I believe that the more strenuous the activity, the higher the pulse rate will rise. The pulse is a measurement of how fast your heart pumps. In exercise, the muscles of your body need more oxygen and glucose for respiration and so you breathe faster. The equation of respiration is: Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water + ATP C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP More strenuous exercise requires more Oxygen to keep the body going for longer and harder. Therefore, your heart needs to beat faster to get the oxygen around the body, also increasing pulse rate. This oxygen is used to make energy from glucose which is used to make your muscles contract and work harder, like running. So your pulse rate increases during exercise. Also the slower your pulse rate (within reason) the fitter you are and the quicker your heart rate returns to normal after exercise is also a measure of how fit you are. Apparatus: > Stopwatch > Metre rule for measuring out 50m > A person to do the exercising > A pen Diagram: Method: First obtain all the equipment as stated above. With the metre rule, measure out 50m with a pen - marking out the start and finish. Next think of a list of exercises and create a results table with them. Start off with the least strenuous exercise (resting). Now,
Renal Biopsy
Renal Biopsy A kidney biopsy (also known as a renal biopsy) is an important test to diagnose kidney disease and to monitor kidney transplants. A biopsy is a very small sample, which is used to examine kidney structure in minute detail. Urea and Creatinine Creatinine is a protein produced by muscle and released into the blood. The amount produced is relatively stable in a given person. The creatinine level in the serum is therefore determined by the rate it is being removed, which is roughly a measure of kidney function. If kidney function falls (say a kidney is removed to donate to a relative), the creatinine level will rise. Normal is about 1 for an average adult. Infants that have little muscle will have lower normal levels (0.2). Muscle bound weight lifters may have a higher normal creatinine. Serum creatinine only reflects renal function in a steady state. After removing a kidney, if the donor's blood is checked right away the serum creatinine will still be 1. In the next day the creatinine will rise to a new steady state (usually about 1.8). If both kidneys were removed (say for cancer) the creatinine would continue to rise daily until dialysis is begun. How fast it rises depends on creatinine production, which is again related to how much muscle one has. A baby may need dialysis when the creatinine reaches 2, whereas a normal adult may be able to hold off until 10, or
Discuss the physiological mechanisms underlyingthe benefits of exercise in diabetic individuals.
Nigel Penny. 9707584. Discuss the physiological mechanisms underlying the benefits of exercise in diabetic individuals. Individuals can suffer from two main types of diabetes, Diabetes Insipidus (DI) and Diabetes Mellitus (DM). DM can be further subdivided into two main types: Type I/ Insulin Dependent DM (IDDM), and Type II/ Non-Insulin Dependent DM (NIDDM). DI is caused by a shortage of vasopressin, otherwise known as Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH), which functions to increase the permeability of the distal and collecting tubules to water and reduce urinary output thereby conserving water. Thus a deficiency of ADH means the kidneys are unable to conserve water by reabsorption from the distal portions of the nephron. This gives rise to the production of large quantities of very dilute urine i.e. 20 liters per day, compared to the normal average of 1.5 liters per day (Sherwood. 1997). This can understandably lead to dehydration in sufferers unless compensated for with an increased water intake. DI can be easily treated with replacement vasopressin administered by nasal spray (Sherwood. 1997). However, evidence has not been seen that exercise would benefit DI sufferers, but would most likely augment the dehydration that can occur with this disease caused by the body excreting water in the form of sweat to act as a cooling mechanism. DM is predominantly caused by
Muscles. The following letter will highlight key information on muscles, contractions and fibres, and will hopefully be informative.
To the Editor, The following letter will highlight key information on muscles, contractions and fibres, and will hopefully be informative. Muscle Types Firstly, I will highlight the different types of muscle in the body. . Voluntary Muscles These are known as skeletal muscles, and are under our conscious control. They can also be known as striated, and examples of them include the Biceps and Triceps - they control movement at a joint. 2. Involuntary Muscles These are not under our conscious control, and are also known as smooth muscle. They are found in the walls of arteries, veins, stomach and intestines. 3. Cardiac Muscles Cardiac muscles are found in the heart, and are not under conscious control, either. They never die due to a rich oxygen supply. Muscles contractions Muscles function by contracting (they never . The origin of a muscle is always attached to a stationary bone, and acts as an anchor; the insertion inserts across a joint and attaches to a moving bone. For example, the origin of the bicep is found near the shoulder, and it inserts across the elbow to move the forearm. There are two types of muscle contraction: isotonic and isometric. Isotonic involves movement, so the distance between the origin and the insertion changes, i.e. lifting weights. This can further be divided into: Concentric - the insertion moves towards the origin and the muscle
How does exercise affect heart rate?
How does exercise affect heart rate? Aim The aim of this experiment is to investigate how exercise affects heart rate. I am going to record my resting heart rate, then exercise for 30 seconds , then 1 minute and increase the period of exercise by 30 seconds until I am exercising for three minutes without stopping . I will does this twice and take an average Prediction I predict that my heart rate will increase as a result of exercise. I think that there will be a slight increase to begin with, but as the body has to work harder I think that the heart will then increase at a faster rate. This is because my body need s more oxygen because it is burning energy through respiration which gives you energy from sugar and oxygen and you need more of this for your muscles when you exercise. Sugar + oxygen =energy +oxygen+ carbon dioxide Compared to when I am resting I need more food and oxygen Variables I will change the periods of exercise, I will measure my pulse rate resting and after exercise and take an average. I will keep the exercise, step ups, the same. To keep it a fair test I will rest between each period of exercise to let my heart rate to return to my resting heart rate. Apparatus Timer, step Method Collect apparatus Record resting heart rate for 1 minute (arm, neck, temple, chest) Exercise for 30 seconds and record your heart rate Rest until your heart
The Hierarchy of American Sports
The Hierarchy of American Sports Sports have provided America with entertainment for its entire existence. One, baseball, has even gained the distinction of "America's Pastime." Others, such as football, have its own de facto holiday in Super Bowl Sunday. Although some sports continue to increase in popularity, others find themselves rusting over the storms of time. As a result, a division has been created among the many sports due to varying income and marketability. Factoring in this division is the profit that the sport earns and the income of its athletes. The NFL earns several billion dollars yearly. Therefore, this business can reward its employees with salaries that rival the best Hollywood can offer. With wealth comes power; and the NFL controls the activities of millions every Sunday during football season. The media must also claim accountability for this partition. Leagues such as the NBA and MLB engulf nearly every media outlet in their respective city, and in some cases entire states remain in constant orbit of their recreational center of the universe. The Yankees, Knicks, and Giants dominate New York's headlines while the condition of the Celtics and Patriots consume the minds of the citizens of Massachusetts. Because of these assets, less-publicized sports simply cannot compete. While this next tier of sports does not garner the attention of the big three,
How The Intensity of Exercise affects Heart Rate
How The Intensity of Exercise affects Heart Rate? Aim: To find how the heart rate is affected by exercise and the different intensities of exercise and why. Plan: Preliminary Test: This test will help determine the type of exercise the candidates will have to endure, how long they will endure it for and how the heart rate of the candidates will be measured. Firstly this test will help determine the nature of the exercise. Each candidate tested five different forms of exercise as shown below. The table below shows our results: Type of Exercise Rest - Person a (bpm) Rest - Person b (bpm) Exercise a (bpm) Exercise b (bpm) Recovery time of Pulse a (mins) Recovery time of Pulse b (mins) Sit ups 63 60 09 19 3.0 mins 3.8 mins Star Jumps 64 61 02 16 2.8 mins 3.4 mins Step Ups 65 59 95 02 2.0 mins 2.5 mins Squat Thrusts 64 61 16 28 3.5 mins 4.2 mins Jumping 63 62 00 07 2.5 mins 3.0 mins This table gives a good indication of which exercise to use. Firstly the exercise the will be endured by the candidates must be something that is completed at a constant rate so both candidates will complete the exercise at the same rate and will have a used a similar amount of energy and will have exercised as intensely as each other. This is so that one candidate does not unfairly have an excessively greater need for oxygen in the
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