Synovial Membrane~ This lines the whole inside of the joint except for the end of the bones and they include secret synovial fluid.
Synovial Fluid nourishes the cartridge and reduces friction.
Joint Capsule~ This forms the outer membrane and it is located on the surrounding part of the joint. It gets its strength from the outside ligaments that help to stabilise the joint.
The four types of Synovial joints are sliding joints, Ball and Socket joints, Pivot joints and Hinge joints.
Hinge Joints~ The articular surfaces in the hinge joint are moulded to each other in such manner to allow movement in only one plane backwards and forward.
Pivot Joints~ The movement is very limited only to rotation. The joint is formed like a pivot like process within a ring. The ring is formed by two things. partly of the bone and partly of the ligament.
In a ball and socket joint, the ball-shaped surface of one bone fits into the cuplike depression of another.
The ball and socket joint is a movable joint that consists of one bone that is rounded and that fits within a cuplike bone.
A sliding joint is a type of synovial joint which only allows of only sliding movement.
The sliding joint allows one bone to slide over another. For example the sliding joint in your wrist allows flexing to your wrist. It also makes very small side motions. There are more sliding joints in your ankles. A sliding joint is a synovial joint, which means it only allows lots of movements.
A structure of a Synovial Joints
A Synovial Joint
(freely movable)
David Beckham is uses his hinge joint in his right knee to kick the ball.
Amir Khan uses his ball and socket joint when he tries to punch his opponent in the head.
Tim Henman is using his gliding joint in his wrist to hit the ball with the tennis racket.
Paula Radcliffe is using her hinge joint in her knee to run.
Fixed Joints
It might seem funny, but there is one type of joint which doesn't allow any movement at all. A joint between bones that do not move at all is called a fixed joint, and one place the fixed joint is found is in your skull. When babies are born, their skull bones are not joined together yet. In fact, there is a gap between them called the fontanel, or soft spot. However, the bones quickly grow together to protect the brain.
These joints don't move. They absorb shock. One example of a fixed joint is your skull bones, which are essentially fused together to protect sensitive tissue underneath.
Slightly Movable Joints
Another word for slightly movable joints is cartilaginous joints. They are also called amphiarthroses with the singular term being amphiarthrosis. In slightly movable joints the bones are connected by a hyaline cartilage/ fibrocartilage. Ossification can sometimes occur. A good example of a slightly movable joint is the joint between the manubrium and the sternum.
Slightly movable joints form the growth regions of long bones and the intervertebral discs of the backbone.
Some examples in humans are the joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum, and the "growth plates" between the ossification centers in longer bones. The the lesser common and commonly overlooked slightly movable, the talus of the foot. These joints allow little or no movement in the case of the manubriosternal and first manubriocostal joints.
How Bones Grow
As we grow in childhood, our bones grow with us. To mature in a healthy way, bones need protein, calcium, and other minerals.
Bones begin to form and grow in the embryo.
At birth we have about 300 bones. Some of
These joins join together and as a adult we
Have about 206 bones.
The Perosteal Collar (a strong fibous cover),
Forms around then shaft of the bone
In the area which surrounds the
cartilage.
Gradually over time the cartilage begins to change.
The process is called ossification. Cartilage
Is flexible (soft and bendy) so ossification
is needed. There are two stages of
ossification.
The key centre of this ossification is in the shaft or
Diaphysis of the bone (where cartilage turns into
Bone first) due to the presence of the
Bone forming cells called osteoblasts.
At birth most of the diaphysis consists of bone. The
Secondary centre of ossification (where
Cartilage turns into bone) occurs
In the epiphysis (the ends of the bones).
As cartilage dies off it leaves gaps forming a honey~
Comb structure. The gaps left are filled with bone
Forming cells called osteoblasts, bloodvessels and bone eroding cells called octibiocists.
Front View
Back View
Back View
Muscles
Muscles are VERY important without them you couldn’t do anything. Your body needs muscles like a car needs petrol. Because muscles are so important they are incredibly clever. They also grow stronger as they get more practice. Their are different types of muscles: skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle, Voluntary and Involuntary muscle and Cardiac muscle.
Voluntary muscle
There is another name for this and it is called striped muscle it is called this because when you look at it through a micro-scope that it what it looks like. It is called Voluntary because you have total control over it and its functions. Striped/Voluntary muscles are always found in Antagonistic muscles.
Involuntary muscle
Another name for this is smooth muscle it is called this because that’s what it looks like through a microscope. It is called Involuntary because you cannot make it work through conscious control it is automatic.
Skeletal muscle
It’s a type of striped muscle which usually attachs to tendons. Skeletal muscles are used to create movement by applying force to joints and bones via contraction. Skeleal muscle contains two types of fibres
Cardiac muscle
This is a special muscle. It is also striped but involuntary. “Cardiac” means of the heart. When you exercise your heart beats faster and pumps blood around the body faster. The Vagus Nerve can make the blood beat slower this happens when you are sitting or lying down.
Tendons
A tendon (sometimes called sinew) is strong band of fibrous connective tissue that connects to muscles or bones. They are very similar to ligaments the only difference is that ligaments join one bone to another. Tendons and muscles work together and can only exert a pulling force. The Achilles tendon is a large tendon connecting the heel to the muscles of the calf.
Antagonistic muscles
Antagonistic muscles are the ones that are found in pairs and they work together.
Antagonistic pairs are very important because muscles can only exert a pulling force, and can't push themselves back into their original positions. Examples of this kind of muscle pairing are the biceps and triceps.
When the biceps are contracting, the triceps are relaxed, and are able to be stretched back to its original position. The opposite happens when the triceps are contracting.
Concentric Contractions
A concentric contraction is a muscle contraction where the muscles decrease in size while generating force. When a concentric contraction is taking place a muscle is stimulated to contract according to the
David Beckhams quadriceps are contracting to cause his legs to extend to run with the ball.
sliding filament mechanism. This occurs through the length of the muscle, generating force at the musculo-tendinous junction, causing the muscle to shorten and changing the angle of the joint.
Eccentric Contractions
During an eccentric contraction, the muscle lengthens while under pressure due to an opposing force being greater than the force generated of the muscle.[). Over the short-term, strength training involving both eccentric and concentric contractions appear to increase. The quadriceps in Tim Henman’s arms eccentrically contract to give him balance when he takes the shot.
Isometric Contractions
Isometric exercise or "isometrics" are a type of strength training where the joint angle and muscle length do not change during contraction like they do in Concentric and Eccentric contractions. The joint and muscle are either worked against an immovable force (overcoming isometric) or are held in a static position while opposed by resistance (yielding isometric).
This is an example of an Isomentic contractions in action.
Isotonic concentric contaction
In an isotonic contraction, tension rises and the skeletal muscle's length changes. We do isotonic contactions everday; even walking and runninf are Isotonic contractions. All my four clients all use concentric contractions.
Tim Henman’s biceps concentrically contract to cause his arm to flex and bend at the elbow when punching his opponent.
David Beckham quadriceps concetrically contracts to cause his legs to extend when he shoots.
Amir Khans biceps concentrically contract to cause his arm to flex at the elbow when punching his opponent.
Paula Radcliffes quadriceps concentrically contract to extend his leg when she is running.
Isotonic eccenntric contaction
Three of my clients use eccentric contractions when they are playing their sport.
The quadriceps in David Beckham ecentriclly contract while he is trying to head the ball.
Tim Henman’s quadriceps eccentrically contract as the knee flexes to absorb the landing.
Paula Radcliffe quadriceps eccentrically contract as the knee contracts as she is running.
Abduction-Is a movement which draws a limb away from the median plane of the body.
Adduction- Its a movement which brings a limb (arm or leg) to the sagittal plane of the body
Rotation- Limbs move
Extension- Extension is a movement of a joint that results in increased angle between two bones or body surfaces at a joint.
Amir Khan
David Beckham
Paula Radcliffe
Tim Henman
Summary Paragraphs
In order for Amir Khan to throw a punch his triceps contract and biceps relax eccentrically to allow extension to occur in his right elbow. His biceps contract and triceps relax concentrically and flexion occurs in his left elbow due to this. Plus his Wrist flexors/extensors concentrically contract to allow pronation to happen in his right wrist.his Wrist flexors/extensors eccentrically contract to allow pronation to happen in his left wrist too. Isometric Contraction of the
Deltoids/Pectoralis Major and Latissimus Dorsi (relax) this causes for flexion to happen in the right shoulder. His Latissimus Dorsi contract and Deltoids/Pectoralis Major relax concentrically to allow extension to occur in his left shoulder.
In order for Paula Radcliffe to run, her biceps contract and triceps relax isometrically and this will cause flexion to occur in the elbows. Moreover her wrist extensors / flexors eccentrically contract to allow supination to occur in her right wrist and pronation to happen in her left wrist. All this allows her to keep her balance while she is running. Paula Radcliffes, Deltoids / Pectoralis Major contract and Latissimus Dorsi relax eccentrically this allows for flexion happen in her right shoulder and her Deltoids/Pectoralis Major relax and Latissimus Dorsi eccentrically contract to let hyper-extension occur in her left shoulder. This helps her to keep good posture while running.
Tim Henman’s biceps relax and triceps isotonically contract to allow extension to occur in the left elbow~ this allows him to take a shot. His Wrist Flexors/Extensors eccentrically contract to allow pronation to happen in his left wrist this is also assists him in taking a shot. His Deltoids / Pectoralis Major relax and Latissimus Dorsi isotonically contract/relax to allow hyper extension to occur in the left shoulder. . His left shoulder needs to hyper-extend so he can have the right balance.
Mr Beckham’s Glutes/Maximus quadriceps relax and Hamstrings relax concentrically allowing for flexion to occur at his right hip and moving it in front of him therefore allowing him to shoot the ball. His Gluteus Maximus / Hamstrings contract and quadriceps isotonically relax concentrically for flexion to occur allowing Mr Beckham to move his left hip. Moreover when D.Beckham is in movement he needs to swing his shoulders so he is able to shoot in order for this to occur his deltoids and Pectoralis Major / Latissimus Dorsi eccentrically contract/relax to allow for hyper-extension to happen in his left shoulder. His pectoralis major/deltoids relax and latissimus dorsi eccentrically contract and hyper-extension to occur in his left shoulder and his biceps and triceps isotonically contract to allow for flexion to occur in his left elbow. All these things allow him to shoot the ball with ease and to have good posture.
