Discuss the contributions to the academic field of public administration made by the following individuals: Woodrow Wilson, Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick, Herbert Simon and Alan Altshuler.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN AMERICA by George J. Gordon and Michael E. Milakovich, Sixth Edition, Bedford/St. Martin's ESSAY QUESTIONS, SET A Discuss the contributions to the academic field of public administration made by the following individuals: Woodrow Wilson, Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick, Herbert Simon and Alan Altshuler. Identify the key features of intergovernmental relations in contemporary American politics and discuss their significance. What major themes may be said to exist in contemporary intergovernmental relations? Discuss the similarities between the Weberian bureaucratic model, scientific management, and the "principles" approach to studying public organizations. Describe the basis of each theory and its impact on the development of American public administration. Briefly describe the principal "roles" of leadership. Which of these do you consider the most important? Which is the most difficult to carry out? The easiest? Explain your choices? What are the traditional elements of public personnel administration? How do you think they differ from the private sector counterparts? Define, compare and contrast incremental budget making, line item budgeting, performance budgeting, planning-programming-budgeting (PPB) and zero-base budgeting (ZBB). What are the features, advantages and disadvantages of each? What are the basic democratic values that

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Politics
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Nationalism as applied to business

Manifestation . a clear appearance: "a manifestation of great emotion" 2. a manifest indication of the existence or presence or nature of some person or thing: "a manifestation of disease" 3. an appearance in bodily form (as of a disembodied spirit) 4. expression without words: "tears are an expression of grief" 5. a public display of group feelings (usually of a political nature): "there were violent demonstrations against the war" Nationalist * patriot: one who loves and defends his or her country * devotion to the interests or culture of a particular nation including promoting the interests of one country over those of others; "nationalist aspirations"; "minor nationalistic differences" * an advocate of national independence of or a strong national government Nationalism is an ethno-political ideology that sustains the concept of a nation-identity for an exclusive group of people.It is the discrete or implied doctrine which holds the preservation and independence of its distinct identity, in all its aspects, and the "glory and wellbeing" of the nation as core aspects of its fundamental ethos. Why does nationalism exert such a powerful pull? Rada Ivekovic´, a Croatian-Serbian philosopher living in exile in Paris has one explanation. She tells me that in today's world identities are in a permanent state of flux - feminist identities, ethnic identities,

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Politics
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Geopolitical consequences of the demise of the Soviet Union

One important geopolitical consequence of the demise of the Soviet Union was the rise of intense political and commercial competition for control of the vast energy resources of the newly independent and vulnerable states of the Caucasus and Central Asia. The fact that the three countries which share the majority of the region's energy and resources, namely Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, are landlocked makes them depend on their immediate neighbors for access to the World markets. Foreign policy concerns related to the regional balance of power, national security, and potential economic benefit have led four external powers to strive for export pipelines to be built across their territory: Russia, Iran, Turkey, and China. A fifth country, the United States has increased its own efforts to influence the pipeline derby. The alternatives to exporting oil and gas through the Russian pipeline system are exporting through war-torn Afghanistan, through Iran, or by building some of the world's longest pipelines to markets in China and Europe. The routing of new oil and gas pipelines from the Caspian basin will greatly influence the region's future geopolitical orientation. The United States supports the construction of a longer pipeline, which would begin at Baku, transit Georgia and much of Turkey before exiting at the Mediterranean Sea port of Ceyhan. The United States

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Politics
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To what extents can the events of 1905 in Russia be considered a revolution.

To what extents can the events of 1905 in Russia be considered a Revolution The Russo-Japanese War accelerated the rise of political movements among all classes and the major nationalities, including propertied Russians. By early 1904, Russian liberals active in zemstvos, assemblies of nobles, and the professions had formed an organization called the Union of Liberation. In the same year, they joined with Finns, Poles, Georgians, Armenians, and with Russian members of the Socialist Revolutionary Party to form an antiautocratic alliance. They later promoted the broad, professional Union of Unions. In early 1905, Father Georgii Gapon, a Russian Orthodox priest who headed a police-sponsored workers' association, led a huge, peaceful march in St. Petersburg to present a petition to the tsar. Nervous troops responded with gunfire, killing several hundred people, and thus the Revolution of 1905 began. Called "Bloody Sunday," this event, along with the failures incurred in the war with Japan, prompted opposition groups to instigate more strikes, agrarian disorders, army mutinies, and terrorist acts and to form a workers' council, or soviet, in St. Petersburg. Armed uprisings occurred in Moscow, the Urals, Latvia, and parts of Poland. Activists from the zemstvos and the Union of Unions formed the Constitutional Democratic Party, whose members were known as Kadets. Some upper-class

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Politics
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Select And Explain The Most Important Turning Points In Nelson Mandela's Life

) Select And Explain The Most Important Turning Points In Nelson Mandela's Life Nelson Mandela is one of the great moral and political leaders of our time: an international hero whose lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa won him the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of his country. Since his triumphant release in 1990 from more than a quarter-century of imprisonment, Mandela has been at the centre of the most compelling and inspiring political drama in the world. As president of the African National Congress and head of South Africa's antiapartheid movement, he was instrumental in moving the nation toward multiracial government and majority rule. He is revered everywhere as a vital force in the fight for human rights and racial equality. Throughout the duration of this first piece of coursework I intend to scrutinise the events in Nelson Mandela, which led to him, being renowned as the civil right hero for black history of all time. Nelson Mandela was 9 years old, when he was faced with one of the most important turning points in his life; the death of his father. He was then put under the guardianship of Chief Jongintaba. Under his supervision he observed the tribal meetings. In Mandela's own words it was "democracy in its purest form". Everyone who wanted to speak did so, each expressing his or her own opinion. The meeting that

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Politics
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Conflict Analysis: Angola

Conflict Analysis: Angola ) History & Context This conflict analysis will look into Angola's violent civil war between the summers of 1998 and 2001. There is no distinct explanation for the conflict that has engulfed Angola; a county that has had little experience of peace in twenty-six years of independence from Portugal. The violent conflict has evolved immensely over time, originally being driven by revolution (against colonialism) and then ideology (Socialism versus Capitalism) and in the latest phase 'a brutal competition between rival elites for a wealth of natural resources.1' Despite the conflict in Angola being a civil war predominantly between the governing MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola) and the rebel group UNITA (Union for the Total Independence of Angola), it cannot be called intrastate. During the Cold War, the Socialist MPLA was backed heavily by Russia and Cuba, the latter of which supplied 15,000 troops which secured the capital Luanda, and stabilised much of the countryside. UNITA was backed by the USA and South Africa, allowing it at certain times to control southern and eastern areas of the country. The end of the Cold War had a profound effect on the Angolan conflict, but it still remained very much interstate. Today the war not only affects and is affected by Angola's neighbour states, but international commerce (notably the oil

  • Word count: 4980
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Politics
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Is New Labour a Conservative Party?

Is New Labour a Conservative Party? This essay will begin with exploring briefly the sensational 1997 election victory of New Labour, the next paragraph will examine the Conservative Party historically as well as assessing the conservatism ideology and the Conservative misgivings of change. The next section of this essay will look at the concerns of both the Conservative and the Labour party during the postwar period, in doing so this essay will attempt to examine the economic concerns, especially those of the 1970s. The next paragraph will cover the rise of Thatcherism, her approach to leadership, also assessing her policies and the effect it had on Britain. The next paragraph will explore John Major's approach to leadership, the problems this created with Labour's attempts to regain power. While exploring the Labour party in opposition this essay will also assess the Labour party historically. The next section of this essay will assess Tony Blair's leadership, the challenges the Labour party were faced with and the policies Labour adopted. The next part of this essay will explore the rapid decline of the Conservative Party and then summing up with final arguments, by examining the hypothesis question by backing up the question with various points and evidence. The 1997 election victory of New Labour was welcomed by various observers and pundits. This heralded a

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Politics
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British History Coursework: The Irish Famine 1845-1849

Danielle Warren British History Coursework: The Irish Famine 1845-1849 Question: To what extent were British Politicians to blame for the disaster resulting from the Irish potato famine of 1845? "Is ar scáth a chiéle a maireann na daoine" "It is with each other's protection that the people live" From the Fifteenth through to the Nineteenth centuries English Monarchies and Governments had consistently enacted laws which it seems were designed to oppress the Irish and suppress and destroy Irish Trade and manufacturing. In the Penal laws of 1695 which aimed to destroy Catholicism, Catholics were forbidden from practicing their religion, receiving education, entering a profession, or purchasing or leasing land; since Catholics formed eighty percent of the Irish population, this effectively deprived the Irish of any part in civil life in their own country. In the eighteenth century the Irish condition had improved: The Irish merchant marine had been revived and ports improved, and the glass, linen, and clothing industries developed. Agriculture had also been improved and in 1782 the Irish Constitution was formed. But this changed when William Pitt became British Prime Minister. He imposed a "free trade policy", which destroyed Ireland's new industries, particularly linens, by eliminating independent Irish shipping. A condition of "Free trade" was that Ireland should not

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Politics
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The Uk policy making process.

THE UK POLICY MAKING PROCESS Introduction Public affairs professionals attempt to influence policy decisions. That is fundamentally what they do. It is therefore important for a lobbyist to have a very thorough knowledge of the ways in which policy is made. You have already seen that the strategic process in public affairs is very similar to that in public relations. However, while this is true, it is necessary - as in the practice of public relations - to overlay these processes with specific expertise, in this case about the policy-making system. I'm conscious that it may be difficult for you to attempt to make sense of public affairs without having had any previous grounding in politics. So maybe it would make sense to very briefly run through some of the more important parliamentary processes. Knowing a little about these processes and structures should also help you to make your group presentations and individual reports more realistic. Parliamentary processes Parliamentary Questions You've all seen, I'm sure, clips of Parliamentary Questions during TV news shows. Oral questions take place from Monday to Thursday every week that the Commons is sitting. Every day, one Government Department answers questions about its areas of responsibility. These occasions are used by MPs to highlight issues of concern to them, although it has to be said that many of the

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Politics
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Chartist aims and methods - Source related study.

Humzah Al-Akku Chartism Coursework Assignment Two : Objective 3 . Study Source A. What can you learn from this source about Chartist aims and methods? The first thing to acknowledge is that this source, an article, was written after the Kensington incident, which, although supported an enormous amount of people and required vast numbers of security, was not a violent confrontation. The march was led by O'Connor, who was distrusted by many other Chartist leaders, but was still dominant in 1848 when he personally set out to convey to Westminster a third National Petition on April 10,when a new Chartist Convention, very different in composition from the first, met in London. A great march from Kensington Common never reached Westminster and the Petition was laughed out in Parliament, with no division, after it was discovered that it bore many false names as signatories, including that of Queen Victoria. The word "fiasco" was subsequently used. In fact, 1848 demonstrated middle-class strength and aristocratic condescension. Source A describes one of the wagons that had been allowed through into London. The wagon was said to have carried 'delegates', who represented the Chartists, and were to put forward their petition to Parliament. There were slogans printed on various sides of the wagon, portraying the Chartist views.

  • Word count: 4792
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Politics
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