The constitutional change in the House of Lords
In the general election in 1997, the Labour party made commitments in relation to several areas such as constitutional, law and order, welfare, education and health, environment and economy. Among these, a major part of Labour's election manifesto was the constitutional change in the House of Lords. The Labour party manifesto states that "The House of Lords must be reformed. As an initial, self-contained reform, not dependent on further reform in the future, the right of hereditary peers to sit and vote in the House of Lords will be ended by statute. This will be the first stage in a process of reform to make the House of Lords more democratic and representative." A political scientist, John Kingdom had opined that the House of Lords as "one of the most curious of the curious anomalies in British public life, defying all logic of democratic and secular politics." The constitutional reform pressure group, Charter 88, say the chamber enjoys little public support and makes a ridicule of representative democracy. Contrarily, the supporters of the historic system of House of Lords viewed that the Lords has long provided a less party-political counterbalance to the House of Commons. In my opinion, one of the reasons to reform the House of Lords is that the House of Lords always oppose the proposals of any government. For examples, the greatest number of Lords defeats suffered by
Reforms of Turkey under Mustafa Ataturk, with regards to the revelutions from above
"With Reference to Turkey, Discuss the Ability of the State to Transform Society." In the early 20th Century, Turkey went through many significant alterations in its political stance, in relation to the revolution above. These changes took place after the appointment and under the rule of President Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. During this period of time other states were going through transformations, such as Egypt an Iran; therefore it was not a surprise that Turkey was following in the same direction. If however, one is to look at all these three countries in a retrospective manner, then one will be able to identify with ease that Turkey as it stands today is in a better situation then the other two countries, therefore the conclusion can be made that reform was most successful in Turkey. This essay will concentrate on how reforms were implemented in relation to the revolution above, the extent of their success by comparing it to Iran and Egypt, and furthermore, if they failed to prosper what was the cause of its failure. But overall I will point out the main reasons why Turkey was more successful in its reform in comparison to the other states. It is important to acknowledge the stances of the Turkish political system before the reformation took place, and the problems generally faced by the middle-eastern states, how they have become into existence and how they affect the
To what extent are the experiences of Yang Digong and Li Zucui typical of life in Modern China?
CHINA TODAY - 50 YEARS OF COMMUNISM Q1: To what extent are the experiences of Yang Digong and Li Zucui typical of life in Modern China? (Sources: C & E) Yang Digong was somewhat dissimilar to other common people. Firstly he took part in Shanghai protests, for which he was soon exiled, as "Yang Digong was marching for freedom and democracy." (Source C) This evidence proves that he was typical in one field; he protested. These demonstrations took place in the streets of Shanghai. "Many fellow students took part in this to stand up for freedom and democracy..." (Source C) As many other Chinese people, mainly students, Yang was typical for the above reasons. "Two generations of students, the class of 1989 lauded by the West, that of 1999, often dismissed as having sold out. (Source F) Most students took part to express their feelings towards the Government. Yang was typical for his group; typical for the students. Evidence of the punishment Yang and others received; " Trials and executions took place" (Source C). Yang lived in the city, unlike Li Zucui; she lived in the countryside and was a peasant. Yang's lifestyle was not typical, as most of China's population are poor peasants. People like Li couldn't go out and eat or lead a luxurious lifestyle, as opposed to Yang; "...Sitting around a restaurant table laden with Shanghainese delicacies and beer." Yang enjoyed
personal exercis programme
Introduction Hello, my name is Faisal Iqbal I am 15 years old and 187 cm tall and 87 kg, I also have a build of a mesomorph and my fitness level in the multistage fitness test was 11.2 I will develop a personal exercise programme (PEP) that will last six weeks. This PEP will improve my cardiovascular fitness and muscular endurance. I want to develop this exercise programme to improve my general fitness. The particular aspects of general fitness which I want to improve, with this programme, are cardiovascular fitness and muscular endurance. An individual has good cardiovascular fitness when his or her cardiovascular system, made up of the heart and lungs, is efficient in transporting blood to the muscles which are being worked. Therefore, having a good cardiovascular system will allow you to meet the extra demands of exercise without fatiguing. Muscular endurance is the working muscles ability to work for a sustained period of time without tiring or loosing effectiveness. If an athlete is to have good muscular endurance and cardiovascular fitness then he or she would be able to compete with a better chance of winning the competition, because their body can work for a long period of time without tiring. I will begin by training three times a week and will gradually increase this using the FITT principles. These are the four different ways in which I can increase the
In comparison to Germany's relative political stability, what variables can be identified in order to explain Italy's relative political turmoil since the end of the Second World War?
In comparison to Germany's relative political stability, what variables can be identified in order to explain Italy's relative political turmoil since the end of the Second World War? "As long as the differences and diversities of mankind exist, democracy must allow for compromise, for accommodation, and for the recognition of differences." -Eugene McCarthy - http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9049640 INTRODUCTION In order to consider the above question I intend to embark upon a comparative analysis of the two states within the framework of the liberal democratic model of Western Europe. I shall explore the various themes of the model and the role played by its institutions in achieving and maintaining political stability. By using the most similar systems theory I intend to establish similarities and therefore comment upon the causes of differences between each polity. I shall then comment on which influences I can therefore consider relevant and whether they are endogenous or exogenous factors. I shall provide quantitative data to support my opinion and I hope to also shed light upon the societal norms of each country and the detail of their state/institutional structures. ELECTIONS The structure of the party system will be considered later in this research however; at this point the discussion must centre on the role of the Christian Democratic parties of
Introduction and Company Background.
Introduction and Company Background Our company is a manufacturer of female dolls. The headquarters, factory and warehouse are located in Hong Kong and established since 1993. Nowadays, our employees' number is around 400 but at the beginning stage of running our business, there were only 50 employees. We have been expanding our business because the number of customers is increasing. Most of our customers are from North America and Europe where dolls are popular toys among kids. At the present, we import raw materials from other countries: oil and refining oil into plastic pellets for dolls' body from Malaysia, nylon hair from Japan and cotton cloth for dolls' dresses from the mainland China. The combinations of those parts and packing are done in Hong Kong. And then, we export finished female dolls to our customers. As the number of orders received is increasing that pushes us to expand our factory for faster manufacturing. The cost of running a factory in Hong Kong is high mostly because of the cost of labour is so high which accounts for around 20% of our total operation cost. Manufacturing of dolls is labour intensive. So we suggest the factory and warehouses should be moved to a place where we can lower our operation cost for better profit. Dongguan in Guandong Province, China is an ideal site for consideration. After that, raw materials will be imported
Political parties and representation
POLITICAL PARTIES AND REPRESENTATION Those of us accustomed to living in western democracies probably tend to think of parties as primarily vehicles of representation and participation, by which, more especially, the mass of the citizenry select the next government by their votes. Looking more broadly across the world, however, political parties perform a wide range of additional functions and may not perform this first function at all. It helps to understand this by keeping in mind that many parties in the Third World are heirs to two quite different traditions and conceptions of the role of the political party: the western democratic model, but also the Leninist model of the revolutionary party whose task it was to act as a vanguard, to educate the masses in the party's ideology, to recruit only those who were loyal to this ideology into senior positions and to control, even police and terrorise, the masses rather than to represent their views. Many Third World parties, especially in the single-party regimes which developed in many African and Asian countries quite rapidly after independence, have been influenced as much by the latter as the former model, even if, as I emphasized when talking about authoritarian regimes, they have rarely been able or inclined to practice ideological indoctrination, etc in such extreme fashion. The combination of these two models, together
How and why did Federation occur?
How and why did Federation occur? * By 1865 there were 6 separate colonies with their own self-government. All colonies were responsible to Britain to guide and rule them. * The British Government appointed Governors for each colony who were given full powers to rule. * The discovery of gold made Australia the richest country in the world. Consequently, transport and communication improved and the Australian born population rose to 77% by 1901. New telegraph links made Australia 'closer' to the rest of the world. * A sense of Nationalism began to emerge through magazines such as the Bulletin * Reasons to Federate: economic advantages through a decrease in tariffs and customs duties, defence - 6 small armies into 1 larger one, Immigration laws, transport and communication. * Sir Henry Parkes, NSW Premier and Samuel Griffiths, QLD Premier were 2 men who created an awareness of the benefits of Federation. * Constitutional Conventions were held in 1897 and 1898. 2 referendums were held to determine Federation. The first was lost but in 1899 all colonies, except WA, which agreed in 1900, decided on Federation. * Australia became a Federated country or Commonwealth on January 1st, 1901 with 6 states. Lord Hopetoun was appointed by Queen Victoria, as the first Governor General and Sir Edmund Barton became the nation's first Prime Minister. What were the main features
Economic Changes after the 1949 Communist Revolution in China
Economic Changes Agriculturally, wars had left people starving, the rents were high and the lack of production meant that people could not be paid. During the Civil War, Mao noticed how peasants were willing to co-operate as long as the benefits were obvious to them. Mao aimed to up food production and prevent starvation by introducing the Agrarian Reform Law in 1950. This involved sending out communist cadres to survey land and classify the villagers on a social scale from landlord through "rich", "middle" and "poor" peasants down to landless labourers. Debts were immediately cancelled and rents reduced. Then came the transfer of surplus land from the top two categories, to the bottom two; leaving the former gentry families with just enough to live on. The situation of most middle families was unchanged. For millions of downtrodden peasants, the land reform was the heart of the Chinese Revolution. This was the moment when the peasants stood up to face their own personal enemy, the landlord. Land reform at last fulfilled Sun Yatsen's goal of "Land to the Tiller". But, despite the fairness of the original share out, differences of wealth and status would soon increase as, larger or harder working families bought up neighbouring land. It was also essential to increase agricultural output, and the government believed this could only be achieved by pooling the peasants
Citizenship - participating in society
GCSE Citizenship Studies 3280 (Short Course) 3280/02: Participating in Society, Internal Assessment Front Sheet Centre Name Saltley School and Specialist Science College Centre Number 20243 Candidate Name Sufyan Mulla Candidate Number 4136 This form is designed for electronic completion and where necessary boxes will expand as you type. Once fully completed, this form must be printed for submission and both teacher and candidate authentication statements signed by hand. Please ensure that all pages are fastened securely prior to submission. Description of Citizenship Activity Describe how you participated in a school or community based activity. The activity was (please select as appropriate): a. Describe the activity My PSE coursework is about teaching a group of Year 7 pupils' about drugs in a two hour session. Firstly my PSE teacher told me about the project. He gave me a booklet, which explained my coursework project in detail and outlined the main aspects in my coursework. Along with this booklet the teacher also gave me two resources, which I analysed. I looked at how these two resources could help me in my coursework project. . My teacher gave me the following resources: . www.talktofrank.com 2. A drugs awareness booklet Firstly I will need to plan my project and decide how I was going to complete it. I had to also decide what tasks I am going