Psychoanalytical Theory.
Psychoanalytical Theory. The Psychoanalytic theory is a coherent and comprehensive explanation of the acquisitation of the personality. Dr Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was a Jewish man who was brought up in Vienna. Freud, who was worshiped by his family and nicknamed 'Golden Siggy', is now often referred to as "The godfather of psychoanalysis". It was Sigmund Freud who developed the Psychoanalytic approach, which is a radically different theory. The term psychoanalysis can be used to relate to both treatment and therapy. This theory analyses human behaviour and personality and offers methods of treating those with psychological problems (therapy). There are many therapies, which Freud used to investigate the unconscious mind and they are the main ways in which modern day psychoanalysis is used. These therapies include Free association where patients lie on a couch and are encouraged to speak out load every thought that comes into their mind, however shocking, strange, meaningless or minor those thoughts may appear. Believing that dreams are significant and if analysed appropriately they could give massive clues and insight into the patient unconscious mind, Freud therefore used this approach. He called this Dream analysis. Freud also believed that many apparent 'accidents' indicated unconscious wishes, therefore he analysed these slips of tongues, which are also now
Psychoanalytical Theory.
Psychoanalytical Theory The definition for the psychoanalysis can be expressed by a psychodynamic theory of motivation and personality. Freud's theory is that the issues are developed over sometime; he did not believe that we are born the way we are. Psychoanalysis is known for potential are for mental illness. Most work on development and attachment has been directly or indirectly influenced by psychoanalytical theory. From a perspective, parental care taking activities such as feeding a child, is essential for the survival of the child, this is a critical attachment formation. The Freudian theory postulate that the infant has an innate need to suck, which involves interaction and modified by actual feeding experiences. The need of oral gratification through sucking and other forms of stimulus of the mouth can result that the infant becoming more attached to the mother's breast, and ultimately to mother herself. Psychodynamic Perspective An introduction of the psychoanalytical theory. Sigmund Freud initiated a revolution about thinking about human motivation and personality. Freud emphasis the critical role of the pre-school year and development of personality on the role of instinctual of unconscious motivation was viewed as radical in the early decades of this centaury; this is when his theory was noticed. According to Freud, development was governed by unconscious
Psychological factors
H/W 23rd January 2011 Psychological factors Arousal is general physical and psychological activity. It is the readiness and excitation to perform. If a player's excitement is too high then they tend to make abnormal decisions during the game and their performance will drop completely. On the other hand if their excitement is not high enough, they will fail to be productive. This is referred to as the inverted U hypothesis. Some effects of arousal on sports performance include muscular tension, decision-making speed, concentration and focus, rhythm and coordination. Arousal increases muscular tension by stimulating blood flow. People with low arousal levels exhibit less tension than people with heightened arousal levels. Rhythm and coordination is necessary for performance during sports and athletic activities to complete precise and efficient muscular movements. Anxiety is a negative emotional state with feelings of worry, nervousness and apprehension that is associated with the activation of the body. The heavy breathing, chest pains, tension and sudden lack of confidence in routine athletic performance represent symptoms of anxiety in many athletes when playing sport. There are two types of anxiety, the first kind refers to the cognitive aspect. It deals with the mental state
Psychology Coursework
Psychology Coursework: Memory Experiment on Levels of Processing Method; Design; For my experiment I used a repeated measures design; the key benefits of this design are that it makes an experiment more efficient and aids in keeping inconsistencies minimal. This helps to keep the validity of the results higher, while still allowing for smaller than usual subject groups. Equally, I used an experiment because it is easier to control the variables. The independent variable in my experiment is whether the words are deeply processed or shallowly processed and my dependent variable is the number of both, deep and shallowly processed words remembered. Extraneous variables that I have to take into consideration when carrying out my experiment are: mobile phones going off and noise on the corridors distracting participants. To control these variables and make sure they do not interfere with my experiment I will ask all participants to switch off all mobiles during the 'Standardised Instructions' and I will carry out my experiment in a quiet area of the school. There are also ethical issues that have to be contemplated before I carry out my experiment: * Confidentiality - all participants will remain anonymous. * Deception - I will not lie throughout my experiment, * Debrief - this will be read out at the end of my experiment. * Withdrawal - all participants have the
my life
It was in late December nearing the end of the winter term. Wendy Madison was on the bus. The traffic was murder! The perfect blue sky is torn by a swarm of evil grey clouds. Her jet black hair shimmered on her head. Her eyes were like car headlights so bright and eye catching. Her rosy cheeks shone like 2 cherries on a cake. She was shivering. Her little hands felt numb and frozen. Her nose was as red as Rudolf's and it was running like a broken tap. She sat alone on the bus; just her and the driver who was hiding his face under his cap which was part of his uniform. His eyes were locked on to hers through the driver's mirror. As soon as he saw she saw he looked away instantly. He was clearly not concentrating on his driving. In fact, he even took a wrong turn but then managed to find his way again. She put her hands on the windows and wiped them. All of a sudden "WHIRWOOO, WHIRWOOO, WHIRWOOO, WHIRWOOO!" of a siren was getting closer and louder. The driver put his hands on the wheel and took the sharpest turn she had ever experienced. He stopped the bus in a narrow road (off the route it should have been). He hopped off the bus and locked it with Wendy inside it. She wanted to scream but no one was around to help her. The driver made a phone call, he started to get panicky and he looked very distressed and disturbed. She tried to listen in to the conversation to find out
Feral Children
An information sheet on feral children. What is a feral child? A feral child is a human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age, and has no (or very little) experience of human care, loving or social behavior, and, crucially, of human language. Why are there feral children? Children turn into feral children because of many various reasons. They are either confined by people (usually their own parents) due to the parents' rejection of their severe intellectual or physical impairment or they may have faced severe child abuse or trauma before being abandoned or running away. How are they then brought up? Some live in the wild on their own whilst others take the support of wild animals and are brought up by them to be like them with their characteristics. Cases of feral children. .Traian Caldarar A Romanian boy who lived for approximately three years in the wild. In February 2002, a shepherd found him huddling in a cardboard box naked and barely alive. Although he was seven years old, he looked like a three year old because of suffering from malnutrition and rickets. He was looked after in an orphanage. By that time, he had forgotten how to speak considering he lived alone for so many years with dogs. Soon he was reunited with his mother, Lina Caldarar. The reason why his mother abandoned him as well was because during the time of his
Birth Order
Running head: Birth Order Study Birth Order Team Red Grand Canyon University Shawana Allen October 12, 2008 Abstract Although many believed for many years that birth order affects personality, the evidence has been contradictory. Most individuals have a dominant birth order personality that matches their birth position however, that personality is influenced by variables such as temperament, gender and other family circumstances. Thus, if birth order does systematically affect personality, firstborns, middle child or lastborns would definitely have personalities that is easy to predict and peculiar to that birth order. We all know or have seen where birth order has no effect on an individual's personality. Sometimes birth order roles are reversed or nonexistent depending on the family as well as the society in which the person grows up in. Parental Styles In order to understand birth order and its relationship to parental styles, one must understand what each style entails. Based on research by Diana Baumrind, best known for her theories on parenting styles, there are four styles based upon two categories of parenting styles. The two categories are control and warmth, the first being control refers to how a parent manages their children's behavior ranging from controlling to having a few rules and demands. Warmth, which entails the degree to which parents accept
Essay writing.
Essay writing is a task often frowned upon by many people - however, it shouldn't be! So, what and where is a good place to start? This may be a topic sentence that allows room for development. Readers are usually motivated by a good start. An introduction gives background to the topic, and it is one of the most important parts of the essay because it keeps the reader's interest on the subject they are about to read. The introduction will make the readers feel that the content of the essay will be of importance and interest to them. The thesis sentence is stated within the introduction - it is the one sentence that will tell the readers what the whole essay is about. It is clear, precise and to the point. A good introduction often begins with a rhetorical question or a quote. This will inform the reader of what the essay is about. "A good start makes the development easy to establish. At this stage, concepts and ideas are brought out logically and naturally...major arguments also appear at this stage. A good development often forms a clear line of thought." (Taylor Green, 2000: p.61) A good essay answers the question set. For example, the argument and evidence must be relevant to the question, and is an important feature towards the overall balance. It must deal with the subject or topic posed in the question rubric. The answer should demonstrate an understanding of the
Explain the effectiveness of the biological perspective in explaining one psychological or social problem.
Alejandra Peñaloza Explain the effectiveness of the biological perspective in explaining one psychological or social problem. (8 marks) The biological perspective tries to explain aggression as an evolutionary function, which is necessary for survival. Most of these theories are based on non-human animal experiments, extending the findings to humans. Lorenz, an ethologist, who was very influenced by Darwin's theories, studied animal behaviour in natural settings. With these studies he came to believe that aggression was an inherited mechanism, which was also found in humans, creating a deterministic and reductionistic theory. Lorenz stated that aggression was controlled by environmental cues called sign stimuli, which either would stop the animal from being aggressive or on the contrary cause it to be aggressive. As aggression is innate and therefore unavoidable, Lorenz thought that if humans did vacuum activities, like exercise, was necessary to avoid having an aggressive behaviour against another. This process to reduce aggression levels was called catharsis. Lorenz's theory was very useful to understand animal behaviour with the sign stimuli, which was considered a great contribution; yet his theory lack s on human evidence as his findings are supported basically on non-human animal studies. Also the fact that it has not been found the human sign stimuli to cause
Sex and Gender Revision Notes
Sex and Gender Revision Notes Sex identity refers to our biological make-up. Our physical characteristics that determine whether we are male or female. Gender identity refers to our emotional feelings and whether we consider ourselves to be male or female. Sex typing is classifying objects into for male or female. Androgyny is the existence of something male and female characteristics in one person. Biological facts Male Female XY XX Testes Womb Sperm duct Vagina Testosterone Progesterone Penis Maccoby and Jacklin's study They found that: Verbal abilities Girls better Visio-spatial Boys better Intelligence Girls better Arithmetic reasoning Boys better Aggressiveness Boys more Sexual orientation: the way in which people are attracted to a male or female. Biology has an influence on our gender identity. This is supported by Money's case study of circumcision. There was a boy born who had very damaged penis so they decided to give him a castration and he was brought up as a girl. However, a few years into adulthood, the girl hated girl's clothes, wanted to do male things that she had to be told that she was born a boy. When she knew, she decided to go back to being a male. Psychoanalytical approach The unconscious mind The Id The Ego The superego 5 stages 0 - 1 Oral Stage Putting things in mouth - 3 Anal Stage Urinating properly 3 - 5
