The person on the Hajj may not:
- Engage in marital relations.
- Shave or cut their nails.
- Use cologne or scented oils.
- Kill or hunt anything.
- Fight or argue.
- Women must not cover their faces, even if they would do so in their home country.
- Men may not wear clothes with stitching.
- Bathing is allowed but scented soaps are frowned upon.
The Journey of the Hajj
The Hajj is a real pilgrimage - a journey, with rites and rituals to be done along the way.
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You begin at a place just outside Mecca called the Miqat, or entry station to the Hajj.
There you bathe, put on the Ihram (the special white clothes), make the intention for Umra and begin reciting the .
- A Du'a is a prayer that is a sort of personal supplication or call on Allah. It's different to the daily salat prayer, but it's not the same as spontaneous personal prayer since there are set texts and rituals for du'a.
- Then you go to the Masjid al Haram and walk around the Ka’ba seven times repeating du’as and prayers. This is called the Tawaf. Afterwards you should sip some Zam Zam water.
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Zam Zam water is water from the Zam Zam well, the sacred well which opened in the desert to save Hajira and Is'mail from dying of thirst. (You can learn more about this at the .)
- Next you go to the walkway between the hills of Safa and Marwa and walk back and forth between them seven times.
This completes the Umra portion of the Hajj rituals and some of the Ihram restrictions are relaxed.
- Now make your intention for the Hajj and put on the Ihram garments again.
Travel to Mina on the 8th of Dhul Hijjah (a date in the Islamic calendar) and remain there until Fajr (dawn) next morning.
- Then you travel to the valley of Arafat and stand in the open praising Allah. The heat of Arabia at midday provides a hint as to what the Day of Judgement will be like.
- At the end of the day, travel to Muzdalifa for the night. Gather together 49 or 70 small stones together to use the next day.
- In the morning you return to Mina and throw the stones at pillars called Jamarat. These represent the devil. Then a sacrifice should be made called a Qurbani. Men’s heads are shaved and women cut a lock of their hair.
- Then return to Mecca and make a Tawaf (this is the ritual of walking around the Ka'aba seven times). Then it's back to Mina for 3 or 4 days, stoning the pillars each day.
- Finally do a farewell Tawaf in Masjid-al Haram on the twelfth day of the month of Dhul Hijjah, ask Allah’s forgiveness, make du’a and the Hajj is finished.
- Many people then go to the Prophet's Mosque in Medina, but this is optional.
A man who has completed the Hajj is called a Hajji, a woman who has completed it is called a Hajjah.
At the end of the Hajj, Muslims from all over the world celebrate the holiday known as the Eid ul Adha or "Festival of the sacrifice".
This festival commemorates the obedience of the Prophet Ibrahim when he was ordered to sacrifice his son Is’mail.
Ibrahim proved his love and devotion to Allah by showing his willingness to kill his beloved son if Allah wished it. In the end Ibrahim did not have to kill his son as Allah gave him a ram to sacrifice instead.
The Talbiya Du'a
During the Hajj there is a special Du’a or prayer that Muslims make to Allah. It is called the Talbiya Du’a. It is learned by every Hajji and is prayed with great sincerity:
Here I am at Your service, O Allah, here I am at your service! You have no partner. Here I am at your service. All praise and blessings belong to you. All dominion is yours and You have no partner.
The Arrival
Ihram
When they arrive at certain points outside Makkah, pilgrims must enter the sacred state known as ihram. They have to make a conscience effort to attain purity, as the pilgrims dedicate themselves to worship, prayer and denial of vanity.
Male pilgrims wear two sheets of unsewn white cloth, one wrapped around the waist, the other over the left shoulder. Women wear a plain undecorated ankle-length, long-sleeved garment, leaving only their hands and faces bare. Women can uncover their faces if they normally cover them because no man should look at them with lust at this time.
These clothes symbolise three things: 1) equality 2) single-mindedness 3) self-sacrifice.
Ihram also reminds Muslims of death, when all 'disguises' of rank, wealth, and appearance are left behind.
A prayer called the talbiyah is uttered repeatedly by the pilgrims as they enter Makkah - the answer to the devout call to come.
The Circling
On arrival in Makkah, the pilgrims go to the Ka'bah and encircle it seven times at a fast pace, running if possible, to symbolise love for God. This is called the tawaf.
As they arrive, the pilgrims call out 'Labbaika, Allahumma, Labbaika!' which means 'At Your command, our Lord, at Your command!' - the call of response to the call and dedicate their lives to God.
If the pilgrims can get near the Black Stone they will kiss or touch it, but if it is impossible because of the vast numbers, they shout and rise their arms in salute each time they go past. Prayers are said as they go round.
The next event is the sa'y, the procession seven times between Safa and Marwah in memory of Hajar's search. It symbolises patience and perseverance and can be quite an ordeal in the summer heat. Special provisions are made for people in wheelchairs or on stretchers.
Significant Places
Baitullah
The Ka'bah is known as Baitullah, the House of Allah. It is a plain cube-shaped building made of blocks and is not very pretty or striking to look at. Yet Muslims claim it is on the site of the oldest shrine to God on earth, built originally by the Adam, the first man. Later it was abandoned and broken down, but Ibrahim and Isma'il were shown the foundations and rebuilt it.
When the Prophet captured Makkah he broke up the idols of the 360 other 'gods' that had been placed there.
Nowadays only very rare visitors are allowed inside the Ka'bah to stand at the very centre and pray in all four directions. Inside the Ka'bah is very simply a room decorated with texts from the Qu'ran.
Al-Kiswah
The Ka'bah is covered by a huge jet-black cloth known as the kiswah. There is a different one every year, because at the end of the Hajj it is cut up into pieces and given to pilgrims as momentoes of the greatest moment of their lives. Specially chosen men in a factory just outside Makkah usually sew the rim of gold lettering round the cloth.
The Black Stone
This is an oval boulder about 18 cm in diameter, set in the south-east corner of the Ka'bah, that marks the start of the walk encircling the shrine. It is encased in a silver frame and the pilgrims try to touch or kiss it. Pre-Islamic traditions suggest:
· Isma'il dug it out the earth at a place indicated by the angel Jibril.
· Jibril brought it from paradise and gave it to Adam.
· It was given to the descendants of Nuh after the flood.
It certainly existed long before the Prophet's time and was mentioned by the writer Maximus of Tyre in 2 CE.
It is probably a meteorite, and therefore a symbol of that which comes to earth from heaven.
Marwah and Safa
These are two small hills, now enclosed under domes and joined by a walkway - the two hills between which Hajar frantically dashed when she tried to find water. Her actions symbolise the soul's desperate search for that which gives true life.
Zamzam
The angel showed Hajar a spring of water right by the place where she had laid the dying Isma'il. Tradition suggests that the water came from the place where his feet scoured the sand as he suffered his fever. Hajar called the well Zamzam and it symbolises the truth that when all seems lost, God is still present, with healing and life for the soul.
The Zamzam well is in the courtyard of the great Mosque in Makkah and pilgrims collect water from it to drink and take home. Many dip their white clothes in it and keep them for use at their burial.
Arafat
This is the plain where the pilgrims erect a vast campsite. During Hajj the plain is dotted with little white tents in rows and squares as far as the eye can see - about two million people camp here.
Mount Arafat is the Mount of Mercy where God was said to have reunited Adam and Eve. The Stand is the most important part of Hajj.
Muzdalifah
Pilgrims camp overnight at Muzdalifah on their journey between Arafat and Makkah. Here they pick up pebbles to hurl at the pillars of Mina.
Mina
Here are the pillars, or Jamaras, which represent the places where Ibrahim and his family resisted the temptations and stoned the devil. The Saudi Arabian Ministry of Pilgrimage has recently built a huge walkway to Mina.
The Stand before God
On 8 Dhul-Hijjah the pilgrims set off for Mina, and camp there for the rest of that day and the night. On 9 Dhul-Hijjah they head for Mount Arafat - a day's journey on foot. Many pilgrims now take modern transport straight to Arafatand and miss out Mina, because of sheer numbers involved.
The Stand
On the plain of Arafat, at the Mount of Mercy, the pilgrims make their stand before God, the Wuquf. They stand from noon to sunset in the blistering heat, meditating and praying, and concentrating on God alone. Latecomers rush to be in time because if the stand is missed, the Hajj is not valid.
A stony climb leads to the top of Arafat and from there the sermon is delivered to people. They then all spend the night in the open in prayer and thankfulness. After this Muslims may go home from the Hajj. Muslims return to Mina via Muzdalifah, where they hold the night prayer and collect pebbles to 'stone the Devil'. The night of 10 Dhul-Hijjah is spent at Muzdalifah and as dawn approaches there is another mass stand before God then the pilgrims depart for Mina just as dawn breaks.
The Unfurling
The remainder of the pilgrimage is called the unfurling.
When the pilgrims arrive at Mina, they hurl pebbles at the pillars to symbolise their rejection of the Devil and all his works.
Next, on 10 Dhul-Hijjah, the Feast of Sacrifice begins and the pilgrims all camp at Mina for two to three days of the feast. Every pilgrim must sacrifice an animal.
The Saudi authorities now organise the freezing and disposal of the carcasses because with about two million pilgrims it is impossible for the meat to be eaten immediately even if it is shared amongst the poor.
After the sacrifice, the men have their heads shaved and women cut off at least 2.5cm of their hair. Ihram ends at this point.
The pilgrims then return to Makkah for another encircling of the Ka'bah. The final events are enjoyed in holiday spirits and many go back to Mina for a period of rest and recovery.
Pilgrims finally return to Makkah for the farewell. Some take water from Zamzam and dip their white clothes in it. They drink as much water as possible, believing it can cure diseases and they take as much as they can carry back home to heir families. Some are given pieces of the Black Cloth as souvenirs.
They are at last entitled to take the name Hajji or Hajjah.
Muslim Tourism
After the Hajj, most Muslims go to visit Madinah, to pay their respects at the Prophet's tomb. Muslims may see the grave of the prophet himself, and his companions Abu Bakr and Umar, and according to some traditions, a place reserved for Jesus after his second coming.
Mount Nur can be visited where the Prophet first saw the angel and Mount Thawr where he sheltered from the Quarish. Other places are the battle sites, and the Masjid at-Taqwa that is the mosque built when the Prophet entered Madinah
