Investigation into Plants.
INVESTIGATION INTO PLANTS BY GURPAL GREWAL 10GY Introduction: Photosynthesis is the process in which a green plant makes its own food in which it lives on. Photosynthesis is the combination of two different words, 'photo' meaning light and 'synthesis' meaning to manufacture. The food that a plant makes is called glucose, a food made up from inorganic to help grow the organic substances of a plant. This is called "autotrophic nutrition." There are different inorganic substances needed for photosynthesis, including carbon dioxide, water and other minerals. A plant also needs light for photosynthesis. The main leaf cell mostly found in a plant is the palisade leaf cell. These cells are largely adapted to the photosynthesising method. For example, the palisade leaf cell contains chloroplasts, which absorb the vital amount of sunlight needed for photosynthesis to occur. Another very good adaptation the palisade cell has is the length of the cell; it covers more surface area so there's more of a chance of light hitting being absorbed by the chloroplasts, and there's a larger area to absorb CO2. The shape that they are in also means that there would be more palisade cells in one small area (shown below). Only green leaves can photosynthesis for the plant, as only the green leaves can absorb sunlight. This is due to the chemical found in the chloroplasts
What is Photosynthesis?
What is Photosynthesis? Process by which green plants trap light energy from the Sun. This energy is used to drive a series of chemical reactions, which lead to the formation of carbohydrates. The carbohydrates occur in the form of simple sugar, or glucose, which provides the basic food for both plants and animals. For photosynthesis to occur, the plant must possess chlorophyll and must have a supply of carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts, which are found mainly in the leaf cells of plant. The by - product of photosynthesis, oxygen, is of great importance to all living organisms, and virtually all atmospheric oxygen has originated by photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain the enzymes and chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis, and the leaf structure of plants is specially adapted to this purpose. The equation of photosynthesis is CO2 + H2O ? C6H12O6 + O2 The Structure of a Leaf (left) Aim I aim to investigate the effects of the quantity of light and thus the light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis in Elodea. Background Photosynthesis is the production of food compounds from carbon dioxide and water by green plants using energy from sunlight, absorbed by chlorophyll ie. photosynthesis is how plants feed. Light 6CO2 + 6H2O ? C6H12O6 + 6O2 Raw materials Products ie. Green plants make organic substances from
Find out which is the best material for keeping hot water warm?
Science Coursework Which of these materials would keep hot water tank warm, bubble wrap, cloth, paper and lagging? Investigation To find out which is the best material for keeping hot water warm? Diagram Scientific theory There are 3 ways in which heat energy transfers and they are conduction, convection and radiation. Conduction is when heat is transferred from a hot material to a much cooler part. For an example when you use a metal saucepan the handle will be cool to begin with but then gradually starts to warm up this is because heat energy from the pan is transferred along the metal handle of the saucepan, this is called Conduction. A conductor is a material which allows heat to move much more easily. If a material is a good heat conductor it will run more freely through hot parts to cooler parts. Convection of heat occurs only in fluids i.e. liquids and gasses. Convection is the flow of heat through a fluid from places of higher temperature to lower temperature by movement of the fluid itself. Radiation is the flow of heat from one place to another by means of electromagnetic waves. Radiation can travel through a vacuum e.g. the Sun's radiation traveling through free space (practically a vacuum) to reach us here on Earth. No medium is needed to carry radiation. How do we keep warm? Air is a gas and gas is a good insulator. Air is used in nature and made
What factors affect dissolving.
Aims: We are dissolving sweets in water to find out what factors affect dissolving Key Factors: These things could affect dissolving * Temperature of water * Moving of water * Volume of water * Surface area of sweets * Mass of sweets * Type of sweets In this experiment, I am going to investigate the temperature of the water. Prediction: I think that if I increase the temperature of the water, the sweet is going to dissolve quicker. Scientific Reasons: The sweet is composed of millions of sugar molecules in a crystal lattice. Put it into water and the molecules at the crystal's surface will be hit by the moving water molecules in the liquid. Sugar molecules are broken off from the crystal by the collisions. The sugar molecules are broken off from the crystal by the collisions. The sugar molecules are spread out through the liquid by the continual buffeting by the water molecules. If the water is at a higher temperature, the water molecules will be moving more quickly. The collisions with the sugar molecules will be more often and each collision will be faster. Therefore the process of dissolving will be faster. Variables: Controlled: In my experiment, I will keep these things the same to make it a fair test. * The moving of water * The volume of water * The mass of sweets * The type of sweets * The surface areas of sweets I will change the temperature of
My aim is to find out if light is needed for photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis Experiment Aim: My aim is to find out if light is needed for photosynthesis. Introduction: Photosynthesis is needed for a plant to grow and to stay alive. When photosynthesis occurs the plant makes a substance called starch which gives the plant energy. You can tell if a plant has been photosynthesising when it produces starch. Method: This test must be done using a control with which to compare the result. The control plant must be given everything it needs, including factors we are investigating. . Remove all of the starch from the plant's leaves. This process is called de-starching and it is done by putting the whole plant in the dark for three days or more. This is important because your results will all be the same if you don't. 2. Double check that there is no starch left in the plant by doing an iodine test on its leaves. If the leaf goes blue or black (or any other dark colour) then there is starch present. 3.Give the plant water so that it stays healthy. 4.a) Using sellatape to help, carefully cover four leaves (so that it is a fair test) with black sugar paper. Make sure the whole leaf is covered so that no sunlight can get to the leaf. b) With two other leaves from the plant only cover half of the leaf with black paper.c) With two other leaves cover the whole leaf as before but then prick four 1mm squared
Investigate how groups of animals conserve heat in cold climates.
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to investigate how groups of animals conserve heat in cold climates. Hypothesis: I hypothesise that a huddled group will lose less heat than an isolated animal. This is because the exposed surface area of a group of animals is less for each animal than an isolated animal (as shown below). S. area of 1: 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 = 40 cm S. area of 4: 40 x 4 = 160 cm However... S. area of 4 huddled: 20 + 20 + 20 + 20 = 80 As you can see the surface area doesn´t increase as much when the animals are huddled. Plan: We will use the same amount of water (35ml) and take the temperature at regular intervals. All water will start at the same temperature. We will continue the experiment for 5 minutes. Apparatus: This is how the boiling tubes (used to represent the animals) will be set up. Other apparatus: kettle, stop clock, measuring cylinder. Method: Collect all equipment and boil the kettle. Assemble huddle and pour water in all of the tubes on the outside. When ready, start the clock and pour water into the centre of the huddle and into the isolated tube. Take the temperature of the isolated tube and the tube at the centre of the huddle ever minute until the desired time is up. Record results. Results: Temp. Isolated Huddle 00:00 37 37 01:00 38 38 02:00 36 38 03:00 36 37 04:00 36 37 05:00 35 37 06:00 34 37 07:00 34 36 08:00 33 36
In osmosis, it is only water that moves, in the following direction: - from a region of high waterIn osmosis, it is only water that mdirection: -
In osmosis, it is only water that moves, in the following direction: - from a region of high waterIn osmosis, it is only water that mdirection: - * from a region of high water concentration to a region of lower water concentration * from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated one * from a "weaker" solution to a "stronger" one * from a hypotonic to a hypertonic solution. Plasmolysis - If a plant does not get enough water, then its cells may become PLASMOLYSED due to water leaving the vacuole. When the cell contents peel away from the cell wall the cell membrane becomes visible (under the microscope), and the plant wilts. The principle of osmosis is used in the preservation of food, kept in strong solutions of salt (brine), or sugar (syrup), any bacteria which gain access to the food become plasmolysed as above, and are effectively killed by dehydration! Osmosis is the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration. The definition contains three important statements: . Osmosis is the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration. 2. Osmosis is the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration. Osmosis is
Experiment to investigate the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis in Elodea
Experiment to investigate the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis in Elodea Introduction Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and some bacteria, and some which use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar, (glucose) which cellular respiration converts to ATP, (the fuel used by all living things). The conversion of unusable sunlight energy into usable chemical energy is associated with the actions of the green pigment Chlorophyll. The variable I have used to carry out this experiment is Light Intensity Light intensity is used to create energy, which then falls on the chloroplasts in a leaf, it is then trapped by the chlorophyll, which then makes the energy available for chemical reactions in the plant. In the case of light from a bulb, it falls on the plant, where energy is absorbed, therefore more energy is available for the chemical reactions, and so more photosynthesis takes place in a certain amount of time. Other variables can be used such as: Temperature, Concentration of Carbon Dioxide, Wave length of light, nutrients available, amount of pond weed, and age of pond weed. Equation Sunlight Water + Carbon Dioxide Glucose + Oxygen Chlorophyll H20 + CO2 C6H12O6 + O2 Prediction I predict that the more intense the light, the faster the rate of photosynthesis will respire. When the light intensity increases (when the lamps distance
Describe The Roles of H-O in Living Organisms.
Describe The Roles of H(O in Living Organisms A molecule of water consists of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms joined by covalent bonds. Water as a liquid is vital to existence and plays extremely important roles in many aspects of both plant and animal lives. These aspects include temperature control, support, chemical reactions, transport and protection. Without the ability to control our temperature, we as humans would not be able to survive in our natural environment. If our internal body temperature was to rise or fall even a few degrees centigrade our body would not be able to carry out its everyday functions efficiently and this could lead to loss of ability to function at all. Therefore thermoregulation is very important and water plays a part in this. One method of reducing internal body heat is sweating; sweat is mostly made up of water. The structure of the water molecule means that it has very high melting and boiling points for a molecule of its nature because of the strong attraction between them. This means that a large amount of energy is needed before the molecules begin to move about and therefore change state. It is because of this high latent heat of vaporisation that water is an effective coolant; energy from the body is used to evaporate sweat that forms on the surface of the skin from the sweat glands and this results in a reduction in body
An Experiment to investigate a factor affecting the rate of Transpiration From a Shoot of Privet (Ligustrum ovale).
An Experiment to investigate a factor affecting the rate of Transpiration From a Shoot of Privet (Ligustrum ovale) Introduction; Transpiration is the act or process of evaporation of water through the stomata (opened and closed by guard cells) underneath a plant's leaf. This water comes from the process of photosynthesis because not all the water, which is taken up by the roots by osmosis, actually makes it into the process of photosynthesis. This is because the plant could either be in the dark, or it has more water than is necessary in its leaves. Transpiration is a process that the plant does not want to take place, but it happens because of the need for Carbon Dioxide. The only way that a gas could get into a leaf is through gaps in the outer cuticle. These gaps, also known as stomata, also let the water out as transpiration. Water is near the stomata because this is the 'spongy' area of a leaf so this is where the 'wet cells' are to store the water for photosynthesis. Plants control the water loss through these stomata by being able to close them up. When the water levels in the plant drop, the cells become flaccid they shrink. When the guard cells become more flaccid then the stomata shrink and no water is able to escape through transpiration. Water can also be lost through the top cuticle of the leaves, so the Privet plant has a waxy cuticle to try to
