How temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis.
Biology A2 Coursework How temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis Contents: Title: Page number: Abstract Introduction Preliminary experiment Aim Prediction Apparatus Diagram Method Key variables Safety Results Graph (individual) Graph (class) Statistical analysis (t-test) Conclusion Discussion Evaluation Bibliography Abstract: The aim of the experiment was to observe and analyse the affect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis. This rate was measured by the rate of oxygen produced (mm3/min), by a photosynthesising plant (elodea), under different temperatures. A specialised apparatus called a potometer was used to observe this affect. A certain length of elodea (50mm) was cut at a slant at one end, and was placed in a test tube and was immersed in the pondweed water it was accustomed to. The cut end of the elodea was attached to a delivery tube which was connected to a measuring tube which was further attached to a syringe by rubber tubing. This whole apparatus (the potometer) was then placed in varying temperatures to measure the affect of the temperatures on the rate of oxygen production. For each temperature the length of the oxygen bubble released by the plant was measured by pulling it into
An Investigation into Species Diversity with distance along a Pingo.
An Investigation into Species Diversity with distance along a Pingo Aim: The aim of this investigation is to identify the relationship between species diversity and distance along a pingo. This will be achieved by identifying the number of different species along the profile of a pingo in Foulden Common, Norfolk. Statistical tests will be done on the data to test the results' significance. Two abiotic factors will be investigated; including edaphic factors, in particular soil moisture and pH, and the effect of climate; light intensity at each zone will be measured to see the effect it has on the vegetation growth of the area. Introduction: Foulden Common is situated in Norfolk. It is classified as ancient chalk grassland and for that reason is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. It is diverse is species and topography, containing pingoes, anthills, open pasture and set aside. My study will focus on the pingoes, and the vegetation they are home to. The pingoes found on the Common are relic glacial landforms. They are likely to have formed during the Pleistocene (the last Ice age about 2 million years ago). There are two different types of pingo; a closed-system pingo and an open-system pingo. The closed-system pingo forms from a local supply of water, they often form on the sites of small lakes. Initially the water would insulate the underlying sediments,
The effects of organic effluent from the seweage on the biodiversty in a freshwater stream.
AIM: The aim of this investigation is to find out the effects of organic effluent from the seweage on the biodiversty in a freshwater stream. This will be done by looking at biotic(such as food supply, competition and predation) and abiotic factors (such as oxygen concentration in water, light and nitrate levels in the water) neccessary for the servival of most sea organisms. Biotic index will be used to determine levels of organic effluent from the seweage in the fresh water stream and Diversty index will be obtained to see how diverse species are in a given area of the stream according to the levels of organic effluent present.The areas selected will be at random and they will be selected by considering all the health and safety measures when I reach the fresh water stream.This method will ensure that the results obtained are reliable. I will back up my results for the biotic index and the diversty index by carrying out BOD, light and nitrate levels test for the abiotic factors so that the biodiversty of selected areas can be explained by taking into consideration the various levels of organic effluent. BACKGROUND RESEARCH: Water is vital for the existance of life. The man uses water for various reasons. e.g. 1. Used for drinking and for domestical livestock. 2. Seweage is removed by water. 3. It is used to irrigate crops. 4. It has industrial uses e.g a coolant
Investigating the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis
Investigating the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis Contents Page Abstract:............................................................................... Aim:.................................................................................... Introduction:.......................................................................... Light dependent reactions in photosynthesis- Cyclic photophosphorylation............................ Non-cyclic photophosphorylation...................... Light independent reactions of photosynthesis................. Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis..................... Limiting factors..................................................... Prediction:.............................................................................. Preliminary experiment: Method............................................................... Results ............................................................... Evaluation............................................................ Apparatus:.............................................................................. Method:................................................................................. Diagram:...............................................................................
Absorption Spectrum of Chlorophyll.
Absorption Spectrum of Chlorophyll Group R1 Indradeo Hemraj Craig Rineer Sushmitha Kurapati Mariza Clement BE 210 Spring 1997 The absorption spectra of chlorophyll from spinach leaves and okra pods were determined along with the relative amounts of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in each of the two plants. The chlorophyll was extracted using 100% acetone and the absorption spectrum was determined over a range of 400-700 nm using a Spectronic 20D spectrophotometer. The relative amounts of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were determined using equations from the literature based on the absorbance data. Plots of absorbance versus wavelength were generated and the location of the peaks determined the wavelengths at which the chlorophyll extracts maximally absorbed. The chlorophyll extracts from both spinach and okra had two absorbance peaks. The mean absorbance maxima for spinach were (430 ? 3) nm and (662 ? 3) nm while those of okra were (430 ? 4) nm and (664 ? 4) nm. Normalization of the spectra from the spinach and okra extracts did not show the spectra of the two plants to be statistically different. Use of the literature equations gave chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b ratios of 1.49 ? 0.18 for spinach and 1.67 ? 0.45 for okra, and a t-test at the 95% confidence level did not prove the two ratios statistically different. The ratio for
Investigation To Find The Effect Of Temperature On The Rate Of Photosynthesis Of Elodea.
Investigation To Find The Effect Of Temperature On The Rate Of Photosynthesis Of Elodea Hypothesis I believe that as the temperature rises, the rate of photosynthesis will also increase. That is until the plant reaches its optimum temperature and then the rate of photosynthesis will decrease. Photosynthesis is the process necessary for plants as this is how they obtain their food. The formula for this process is- 6CO2 + 6H2O ?6H1206 + 602. The rate of photosynthesis are affected by these factors: concentration of carbon dioxide, light intensity and temperature.If one of these factors increase, the rate of photosynthesis will increase but only to a certain point. The rate of photosynthesis could still increase but not because of an increase in that same factor. Another factor has to increase for the rate to increase. The factor that restricts the other two factors from increasing the rate of photosynthesis is called the limiting factor. For glucose to be made in photosynthesis, water is split into hydrogen and oxygen molecules by the energy absorbed from the sun. The hydrogen then has to combine with the carbon dioxide to produce glucose. If this was left on its own, the hydrogen would eventually combine with the carbon dioxide but it would take a long time. That is why a catalyst is needed to quicken the process. Enzymes are the catalyst used for the anabolic reaction.
Investigating the abiotic factors that affect the size of Ivy leaves in shaded and unshaded habitats.
Investigating the abiotic factors that affect the size of Ivy leaves in shaded and unshaded habitats. Introduction Ivy is any one of a large number of creeping or climbing vines. These vines have different botanical names, and the word ivy, as commonly used, does not belong to any one plant. It often applies to climbing vines, especially to those that are ornamental. The particular one being looked at in this experiment is the common, or English, ivy. English ivy is the plant that makes such an attractive picture as it climbs over walls and tree trunks in Europe and North America. Its waxy leaves usually have five points, or angles. They are dark green in summer and turn bright scarlet in the fall. The plant retains its leaves all year. English ivy also bears tiny flowers. This ivy clings to smooth surfaces with the fine roots on its stems. It does not grow well in the bright sun of the central, southern, and western United States. But in shady locations, it can be grown as far north as Ontario, Canada. It makes an excellent covering for buildings. Its leaves and berries are poisonous. English ivy belongs to the ginseng family, Araliaceae. The scientific classification would be Hedera helix. Being an evergreen plant it has the advantage of being able to photosynthesis during the winter months whereas deciduous trees are dormant. The increased light that is
Experiment to Investigate the Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Photosynthesis in Elodea.
Phil Cooper 02.08.02 Experiment to Investigate the Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Photosynthesis in Elodea Aim The aim of this experiment is to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis in Elodea (Canadian pondweed). Introduction Elodea is native to North America and is naturalized in Australia, Asia and Europe. It grows completely submerged beneath the water. It has multi-branched, slightly brittle stems that are clothed with whorls of sessile, medium green, pointed leaves. Elodea grows better in cooler water. In temperatures above 70º F, it becomes spindly. This plant can be grown under 8 to 10 feet of water and will easily reach the surface of the average water garden. This plant derives most of its nourishment from the water through its leaves; its roots serve mainly to anchor it to the bottom, therefore, they may be planted in sand or pea gravel as well as soil. They may be anchored down and just dropped into the pond or planted in containers of sand or gravel. If they are only floated in the pond, too much sunlight and air will kill it. Photosynthesis is a process which occurs in all green plants, synthesising glucose as a form of energy to be used by the plant. Glucose (and oxygen - a waste product) are produced from a reaction between carbon dioxide and water. The general equation for photosynthesis is shown below. 6CO2 +
Experiment to Compare Stomata Density in Different Dicotyledonous
Experiment to Compare Stomata Density in Different Dicotyledonous Aim: To investigate if stomata density on leaves in different dicotyledonous plants is effected by there country/ eco-system of origin. I will also compare the upper and lower epidermis stomata density to see were it lies. Information on stomata and Hypothesis Based Upon this Information: Diagram 1: Structure of a leaf. The lower and upper epidermis along with the stem of a plant may contain stomata. These are openings through which gases are exchanged with the atmosphere and water is lost, this is called transpiration. Carbon dioxide is need in the process of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is diffused in through the stomata for photosynthesis and some carbon dioxide is produced through respiration along with the production of water which transpires out. These openings are surrounded by specialized crescent shaped guard cells, which changes their size and shape to change the size of the stomatal openings. This regulates the gas exchange e.g. open more gas exchange, closed no gas exchange. These guard cells have different stimulus to active or deactivate the openings; light, CO2 concentration, humidity and wind speed. The epidermis is covered with a waxy coating called the cuticle, which functions as a waterproofing layer and which helps to reduces water loss from the plant surface through evaporation.
Determine the water potential of potato tuber cell with the varying affect of solute concentration
:)Determine the water potential of potato tuber cell with the varying affect:) :)of solute concentration:) Introduction:) This investigation will try to determine the water potential of potato tuber cells. This will be carried out by using a potato cylinder and bathing it in different solutions of solute with different molarities and distilled water, which is pure. We will be able to find the water potential of the potato tuber cell by finding on the graph the equilibrium point where no water enters or leaves the potato. Osmosis has a very important role in this experiment. It is safe to say that osmosis is a unique type of diffusion, however only concerning with water molecules when they pass through a partially permeable membrane. When talking about the components of osmosis, the solvent (the water) and the solute (the sugar) added together make up the solution. In osmosis we always have a partially permeable membrane (the potato). It is known as this because it only allows certain molecules pass through like in our case the water molecules, just like a membrane in real life. Looking at the diagram below, we can see that sample 1 has a lower concentration of solute molecules which means it is a more dilute solution since there is a higher concentration of water molecules. Sample 2 is more concentrated since there are more solute
