Artificial Cardiac Pacemakers
Research questions : Why is the constant beating of the heart important? What causes the heart to beat abnormally? What are the implications of having an abnormal heart beat? What is an artificial pacemaker and how does it regulate an abnormal heart beat? How are artificial pacemakers implanted? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using an artificial pacemaker? What are some alternatives used instead of artificial pacemakers? The importance of the heart The heart is an essential organ possessed by every living human. It is vital as it pumps blood rich in oxygen (received from the lungs) to every living cell within the body and pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs (from the body)1. In the opposite diagram of a human heart, the blue sections represent the transport of deoxygenated blood and the red sections represent the transport of oxygenated blood. The heart is necessary in sustaining the lives of every single human being. This is because without oxygen, cells cannot carry out the process of cellular respiration (the release of energy from glucose). This means that the body cells will have insufficient energy to carry out regular functions needed for sustaining life. Every single cell in the human body is affected by the beating of the heart, as enough oxygen has to be supplied for them to function properly. Without the constant beating of the heart,
The Process of Human Digestion
The Process of Human Digestion Digestive System, series of organs put together that purpose is to break down, or digest, the food we eat. Food is made up of large things called, complex molecules, which the digestive system breaks down into smaller things called simple molecules that get absorbed into the bloodstream. The bloodstream is our blood. The simple molecules travel through the bloodstream to all of the parts of the body, which we use for growth, repair, and energy. All living things that eat to get energy have a digestive system, a feature that makes us different from plants. Plants make their own food in a process called photosynthesis, photosynthesis is when plants make sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into simple sugars. But animals, including humans, must take in food in the form of organic matter, such as plants or other animals. Digestion generally involves two parts: a mechanical part and a chemical part. In the mechanical part, teeth physically break down large pieces of food into smaller pieces. In the chemical part, digestive chemicals called enzymes break apart individual molecules of food to yield molecules that can be absorbed and distributed throughout the body. These enzymes are secreted by glands in the body. The digestive system of most animals consists mainly of a long, tube called the alimentary canal, or digestive tract. This canal
Does listening to music affect your heart rate?
Does listening to music affect your heart rate? Introduction: The pulse is an indirect sign of blood pressure and heart beating, which is controlled by autonomic nervous system. Cardiovascular and endocrine responses to musical perception which have been studied largely show different changes depending on the situation of the subject (musical experience, handedness, gender, age) and the type of musical stimulus (sedative, harmony music or rhythmic rock music detailing in simple musical elements like intervals, chords, pitch, timbre; or complex musical structures). In a trial, the heart rate was found to decrease after listening to classical and New Age music but not to change after listening to popular music. The heart rate was found to increase if the music contains a fast beat or slow down if the music encourages physical and mental relaxation. Although changes of heart rate and blood pressure as related to listening to music have been reported by many investigators, the complicated problem is still obscure and need deep investigation to clarify its mechanism. Aim: To study and find out if music actually affects our heart rate and if so how? I will also attempt to see if the heart rate changes whilst listening to different types of music at different volumes. Prediction: I predict that listening to music should actually increase/speed up the heart rate as more
Myocardial infarction
Case Study 2006 Myocardial Infarction Sharon Thomas Waitakere Hospital Abstract Of This Case Study Have you ever wanted to know what a Myocardial Infarction is and what its all about. Read on and find out through my eyes, about a patient I was caring for - what happened to him in both his body and mind. The following will show what a Myocardial Infarction ( MI ) is, what happens in the patients body and what care is involved by the medical and nursing teams. All of this to ensure my patient would walk out of hospital and again feel like productive member of society that he most certainly was before his cardiac event. Also within the body of this case study will be evidence based articles to support statements made. Congruent to this, will be reflection on how all that transpired with this man affected me and how my nursing practice has developed because of it. This patients health related journey and the anonymous intimacy that took place, came to a happy conclusion for both nurse and patient. Judith Christiansen's Nursing Partnership Model was published in 1990 and was developed in response to the knowledge gaps in the nursing system in New Zealand ( Taylor, 1995 ). This partnership model is a theoretical framework for nursing practice. It has 3 major concepts - these being nursing partnership, the passage and the context. Anonymous Intimacy is one of 3
Explain how arteries, veins, and capillaries are adapted for their functions. Describe what happens in coronary heart disease and explain how lifestyle may contribute to the development of this disease.
Explain how arteries, veins, and capillaries are adapted for their functions. Describe what happens in coronary heart disease and explain how lifestyle may contribute to the development of this disease. The human circulatory system is an essential network of tubes designed to transport a continuous flow of blood throughout the body delivering nutrients to and removing waste from every cell. Contemporary society is experiencing an increasing number of people suffering from an often preventable disease that occurs in this circulatory network named coronary heart disease. (Boyle, M., Senior, K. 2002). (www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/chdfacts.htm). This essay will explain how the circulatory systems' arteries, capillaries and veins are adapted for their functions, what happens in coronary heart disease, and how some contemporary lifestyles may contribute to the condition. The main organ of the circulatory system is the heart, situated in the chest between the lungs. It is a hollow muscular structure consisting of four main chambers. The lower left and right ventricles have thick muscular walls to pump blood, and the upper left and right atria that have thinner walls and receive blood. This is effectively a double circulatory system as both ventricles pump blood and both atria receive blood simultaneously. The pulmonary system starts in the right
Investigating Osmosis Relating to Kidney Function
Investigating Osmosis Relating to Kidney Function Medora Choi Abstract: The purpose of this laboratory is to investigate how to construct a nephron model by using a given permeable membrane to filter a simulated kidney blood solution. The laboratory will also investigate the process of osmosis as it relates to kidney filtration. This experiment is to accomplish the understanding of process of osmosis, and understand the waste substances eliminated by the kidneys for an amber-colored liquid which is called urine. This process is filtered through the kidney functional unit called the nephron. In order to hold this experiment, the class was provided with simulated kidney blood and dialysis tubing to start the investigation. Firstly, the knotted wet dialysis tubing is filled with the simulated kidney blood solution. This will be the nephron model for the investigation and to further observe the process of osmosis, the nephron model is then placed in a plastic cup which tap water is filled within 1 inch form the top. This product is observed over the next day as we will see the changes inside the dialysis tubing and inside the cup. Right after the product was made, a test of salt was held by using salt test strip and dipping it into the water in the cup, this is the initial presence of salt, which is none. Looking at the results, it is shown that inside the dialysis tubing has
How Does Temperature Affect the Rate of Respiration of Yeast?
How does temperature affect the rate of respiration of yeast? Introduction Respiration usually happens in the presence of air (oxygen), this is called aerobic respiration. However respiration can also happen without oxygen and this is called anaerobic respiration. Yeast contains single-celled organisms which respire aerobically if oxygen is available. When the yeast is mixed with sugar or glucose solution, it soon starts to respire. The yeast uses sugar and oxygen dissolved in the water to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy by aerobic respiration. This is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration. Yeast Glucose + oxygen -----------------> carbon dioxide + water + energy C6H12O6 6O2 6CO 2 6H2O 2880 kJ / mole When all the oxygen has been used up, the yeast continues to respire anaerobically. Under anaerobic conditions, the yeast produces carbon dioxide and ethanol (alcohol) rather than carbon dioxide and water. This is the chemical equation for anaerobic respiration. Yeast Glucose -----------------> ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy C6H12O6 2C2H5OH 2CO2 210 kJ / mole We call this process alcoholic fermentation. As with aerobic respiration, this reaction does not take place in one go, but in a series of steps. Although yeast can survive during anaerobic respiration, it does not grow
The Effects of Smoking On Health
THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON HEALTH Smoking is the act of inhaling the fumes of burning substances. It used to be men who mainly smoked pipes and cigars which involve little inhalation. Now a days the amount of young women and children smoking is on the increase although the overall amount of people who smoke is declining in most countries. There are thought to be around 4000 different chemical in a cigarette, many are toxic and 43 of them are carcinogens. The main substances in a cigarette are tar, carbon monoxide and nicotine. It is these three substances which cause the greatest threat to health causing damage to either the gaseous exchange or the cardiovascular system. Tar is dangerous because it settles on the lining of the airways in the lungs. In the 1950's it was found to cause changes that can cause lung cancer and lung disease. Lung disease causes the sufferer difficulty in breathing. This is caused by tiny particles settling in the depths of the lungs. These particles make the lungs more susceptible to air borne infections, such as pneumonia, influenza and allergic reactions. If these become very bad they can trigger asthma attacks and server coughing which causes damage to the alveoli. Continuous coughing causes scaring of the alveolar surface which reduces the surface area for diffusion. Chronic bronchitis is also caused by tar in cigarettes. The tar
Stem cells and their application in cases of heart disease.
Stem Cells Stem cells are cells which are found in multi-cellular organisms. They are symbolic for being able to renew themselves through a process called Mitosis and separate into a various range of specialised cell types. Two Canadian scientists, Ernest A. McCulloch and James Till, were responsible for the finding of stem plagiarizecells in the 1960's. The two main types of stem cells that are found in mammals are: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. It is now possible to manipulate stem cells into specialised cells through cell culture. Stem cell research has shown that they can now can used for a variety of different diseases For example; stem cell coated contact lenses are allowing people to see again, Embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells that multiply by cell division and help replenish dying cells and revive damaged tissues. However, for this argument I will be trying to persuade the use of stem cells for heart disease. Heart disease is a very common disease as it occurs to many people and also kills. Studies show that heart disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S, England, Canada and Wales, killing one person every 34seconds just in the United States. To find a cure for heart diseases would be immense as it would save many lives and due to stem cells this is possible. Researchers are working toward using stem cells to replace damaged heart
Enzymes Essay; Enzymes used in the Baby Food industry
Enzymes used in the 'Baby Food' industry Enzymes allow chemical reactions to be carried out under milder conditions (lower temperature and pressure), thus saving costs. Since most supplements are not substrates for enzymes, the enzymes usually do not interact with them. You should be able to mix most supplements and medicines with enzymes. Enzymes may affect the properties of time-released medications increasing the rate at which they are broken-down, and thus, released. The enzymes which are used in baby food are there because they allow the food to be pre-digested in the baby's stomach. This is because the baby's digestive system is not strong enough to break down the large molecules of proteins in regular food. This also helps as it lets the large protein molecules to partly break down into amino acids. Enzymes are known to be biological catalysts; these enzymes consist of various types of proteins that work to drive the chemical reaction for a specific action or nutrient. The main two enzymes used in the baby food industry are 'protease' and 'lipases'. A protease enzyme is usually used to break down protein it does this when it breaks peptide bonds by a process called hydrolosis. These bonds are linked together to create an amino acid. The best condition for use of protease is in acidic areas. Finally the proteases occur naturally in all organisms. A lipase is a
