The comparison of bacterial content in a range of milks.
Yasmin White 1210 The comparison of bacterial content in a range of milks Introduction Milk is a nutritious food. It is an excellent source of calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, and vitamin D and a good source of protein, vitamin A, potassium, and several B vitamins. These constituents differ widely in molecular size and solubility, therefore milk is a complex physiochemical system. The enzymes found in cow's milk are: protease, amylase, lactase, lipase, xanthine oxidase, phosphatase, aldolase, catalase, and peroxidase. It's the lipase here that can cause hydrolytic rancidity. The smallest molecules, those of salts, lactose, and water-soluble vitamins, are in 'true solution'. The proteins, including the enzymes, are in the colloidal state (suspension in the liquid) because of the large size of their molecules. Lactose (milk sugar) is a white crystalline disaccharide, it has the same molecular formula as sucrose (C12H22O11) but it differs in structure, making it an isomer. It contains the simple sugars, glucose and galactose. Galactose is catalysed by lactase. When milk sours, the lactose is converted by bacteria to lactic acid, this causes a change in the milk's consistency. Milk is often naturally contaminated with bacteria. Lactobacillus and Streptococcus Lactis (the two most common lactic acid bacteria) produce lactic acid during fermentation: Bacteria: Bacteria are
Scottish Seagrass Communities of the Genus Zostera
Scottish Seagrass Communities of the Genus Zostera Introduction Seagrasses comprise < 0.02% of the angiosperm flora, representing a surprisingly small number of species, of which the principal genus is Zostera spp (Heeminga & Duarte 2000). Zostera occur widely in coastal zones throughout the world and therefore are integral to decisions about coastal management. Zostera can be biogeographically classified as temperate North Atlantic (Heeminga & Duarte 2000). All three species of the genus, Zostera marina L. (eelgrass), Zostera noltii (dwarf eelgrass), and Zostera angustifolia (narrow-leaved eelgrass) are found in Scottish coastal waters and are increasingly becoming threatened (Cleator 1993; UK BAP 2006). Zostera species are perennial angiosperms restricted to the intertidal and shallow subtidal fringe. The tolerable depth limit for Zostera species is set by light available for photosynthesis. The upslope limit to seagrass extension is imposed by sufficient immersion in seawater or tolerable disturbance by waves. Eelgrass communities will typically zonate in the following littoral regions: Z. marina in the sublittoral fringe; Z. angustifolia in the eu-littoral region; and Z. noltii in the upper littoral zone often adjacent to salt marshes. Seagrasses generally require salinity in excess of 5%o to develop, and a substratum ranging from sandy to muddy. Populations extend
Investigating the effect of four antibiotic agents on gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
Investigating the effect of four antibiotic agents on gram positive and gram negative bacteria Aim To find out how four antibiotic agents- Penicillin G, Streptomycin, fresh garlic and odourless garlic- effect gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The two different bacteria used will be Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. After transferring the antibiotics to the bacteria I will be able to look for zones of inhibition in the bacteria where the antibiotic agents were placed. Scientific knowledge & understanding Bacteria are prokaryotes, which means they are organisms that lack a nuclei and are a lot smaller in volume than Eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi & protoctists), on average only 0.5-5 m in diameter. Bacteria are a lot simpler in their structure. Structures always found in bacteria include a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and circular DNA. Other structures that are present in some bacteria can be shown in the diagram below. Bacteria can be found almost anywhere as different types have different optimum temperatures e.g. Thermophilic bacteria work best at temperatures above 45 C whereas Psychrophilic bacteria grow best at temperatures below 20 C. Bacteria can also be identified by their shape. Spherical bacteria are called cocci, bacteria that have a rod like shape are known as bacilli, corkscrew shaped bacteria are called spirilla and
An Investigation into the water quality of the River Banwell in
An Investigation into the water quality of the River Banwell in Wick St Lawrence Content * Introduction Pages 3 to 6 * Case Study Pages 6 to 10 * Introduction Continued Pages 10 to 15 * Hypothesis Page 16 * Equipment Page 16 to 17 * Method Page 17 to 20 * Preliminary experiment, results and evaluation Page 20 to 22 * Aim: The aim of the investigation is to test the water quality by working out levels or quantities of indicator species, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, ammonium, temperature and pH. Samples will be taken down stream to come to a conclusion whether or not the river is polluted. The results will be compared to ones taken by the Environment agency to come to a conclusion. Introduction: Why is water quality important? Approximately 97% of the Earths surface is water, including in the solid state, ice. About 0.06% of this fresh water is found in ground water sources eg, aquifers. Only a small percentage, about 0.01% is contained within our lakes, streams and rivers. This water is so important to many ecosystems on land and life on the planet. We depend on this water for many different purposes for example, to drink, to grow food, generate electricity and to enhance our surroundings. Even our simple necessities eg: cleaning and washing requires water. The Water Cycle The hydrological cycle is the basis of this
Dog Behaviour
Dog Behaviour Introduction In this essay I am going to write about dog behaviour, and how that has an impact on other animals within its species. I will write about using dogs for entertainment and using them to help with the police; I will also include about using dogs for hunting and the ethics of this. I will also put in about how training dogs, is exploiting them or not and instinctive and learned behaviour, I will also talk about how people say that dogs as pets show human characteristics and behaviours. I have also done a survey about dog behaviour, to show what people think and see if by having a dog is a different opinion to people who don't have dogs. Theory In this part I will write about anthropomorphism, instinctive and leaned behaviour, imprinting, habituation, Ivan Pavlov, how dogs communicate within their species, the benefits of training dogs. I will write about using them for things like hunting, using them for police and the ethical issues to do with this. Anthropomorphism is when non humans show human characteristics. Dogs and other pets share so many aspects of owners lives, and their behaviour does often seem almost human they see what you do, they know what you eat. So it's most likely that they pick up what you do and it will be as if they behave like humans. Although out of all the pets you can have dogs are always the ones who act the most like
Animal behaviour and research into attitudes on animal testing.
BEHAVIOUR IN ANIMALS AND HUMANS Introduction Animal behaviour is the behaviour of animals when they respond to their surrounding environment. Ethology is the study of animal behaviour. Animals' behaviour is essential to how they survive and continue their kind. Instinctive Instinctive behaviour is natural and is not learned. It's inherited from the animal's parents and therefore the animal has instinctive behaviour embedded into its body from birth. For example, pipefish know instantly how to hunt for food when they're born. It can be a simple reflex or it can be a courtship practice which is much more complicated. The stimulus which triggers instinctive responses doesn't necessarily have to be in the surround environment (outside the body); it can also be inside the body. One example of this is the human knee-jerk reflex. The tapping of the tendon results in a sudden contraction in the quadriceps which brings the lower leg forward. Instinctive behaviour can prevent injury. For instance, if there is fire near an animal it will instinctively move away, even though it may have not seen it before. Instinctive behaviour is important as it eliminates the thinking time and prevents injury much quicker than it would if the animal were to think about it. Learned Learned behaviour is another type of behaviour. It is enhanced through experience from living in the wild. Experience
Research question - Is using dogs for work ethical?
Dog behaviour CDA Introduction There are many ways that animals are connected to our lives. Some of us have them as pets, and even people who don't have a pet still have products (such as medicine) that have been tested on them. According to a website called 'The vegetarian site' very well known companies such as 'Max factor', 'Vaseline' & even 'Kleenex' have products that are animal tested. Some people protest that animal testing is not ethical because of the pain the animals have to endure for our benefit, but others argue that a lot of the medicine we have now wouldn't of existed if it hadn't of been so. A lot of argument has also gone into the concept of conditioning. We condition animals and even people without noticing we are doing it. Dogs are trained to sniff drugs in an airport and even children have a daily bed time that they are used to. So when J.B Watson sprung a debate about ethics when he conditioned Little Albert (who was just a baby at the time) to be afraid of rats and other things that looked similar, he had opened a controversy. Does there have to be pain to gain? Or will we ever find out if a dog thinks it is ethical for itself to be entered into a race? We were studying at school the behaviour and characteristics of animals that are similar to those of human beings alongside the ethics to support the current world debates & trends. This particular
Branded Bleach is more effective at killing E. coli than Non branded bleach - An investigation
Is branded bleach more effective at killing E.coli than a non branded version? Contents Page Number . Hypothesis 2. Introduction - 3 3. Plan 4 - 13 4. Results 4 5. Analysis 5 - 17 6. Evaluation 7 - 20 7. References/Bibliography 20 Appendices Attached Hypothesis Branded bleach, Domestos, will kill more bacteria than Non-branded Somerfield thick bleach. This will be shown by the larger zones of inhibition around branded bleach. Null Hypothesis There will be no significant difference between the zones of inhibition for each bleach. Introduction Both brands of bleach contain ingredients which are active in the death of the bacterium Escherichia coli, shown below. As a bacterial cell it is classified as prokaryotic which differs to eukaryotic cells found in humans; which means the cell's nuclear material is not bound by a nuclear envelope, prokaryotic cells also have fewer organelles and the volume/size of a prokaryotic cell is up to 10,000 times smaller. E.coli is a rod shaped Gram negative bacteria. Using the binomial naming system Escherichia coli is named with the genus of the bacterium first followed by the species, abbreviate to E.coli. Also bacteria named in this way are always written in italics. Further classification of the bacteria based on the cell wall can predict how the active ingredients of the bleach will affect the bacteria.
Investigation into Flat Periwinkles on a Sheltered Shore.
Teresa Thurston Investigation into Flat Periwinkles on a Sheltered Shore. Planning: HYPOTHESIS: There is a significant difference in the mean size and colour of flat Periwinkles found on Fucus serratus and Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed on a sheltered rocky shore. NULL HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant difference in the mean size and colour of flat Periwinkles found on Fucus serratus and Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed on a sheltered rocky shore. The flat Periwinkle: Grazing molluscs Shell with flattened spire Large aperture Colours found on sheltered shores: olive green, brown, yellow, orange On sheltered shores flat Periwinkles are known to be found on brown seaweeds, particularly Fucus serratus and Ascolphyllum nodosum, which they feed on. Fucus serratus: Flattened serrated edge Found on lower shore Brown Ascophyllum nodosum Egg shaped bladders along the frond Olive brown colour Found on middle shore Thus flat Periwinkles can be found in high abundance on the lower and middle shore where they feed on the types of brown seaweed present on these sections of the a rocky, sheltered shore. Preliminary Work: I did an investigation into the distribution of animal found on a rocky sheltered shore. Included in this was the distribution of algae and lichens. My method of collected data involved performing a vertical interval interrupted belt transect up the shore,
Estimating the population of non-grass plants on the school fields.
Teaching group: Priestly Subject: Biology Teacher: Mrs Lucas Tutor group: 10 C Estimating the population of non-grass plants on the school fields. Aim The aim of this investigation is to investigate the the school fields and their population. Also to estimate the amount (population) of the plants that are present on the school premisses and so test the theory of Evolution and see how plants adapt to the environment in this particular area. Method When I thought about which is the best way to do this estimation I found that their are a lot of different rout ways that will lead to the same result. I also realized that many desigeons will have to be taken to make a full plan. I tried to chose a way that would have produced the most reliable results and would be possible for me to perform in the time that I have to do the field work. Straight away it was clear that I would not be able to count each and every plants that grows in the school premisses, I will take too long to do. Even the title says the I should estimate and not count the population of school fields. Their is only an other sensible method that promises to give accurate results, this is sampling the area, and this should give an idea about the rest of the area. I decided to use this method, at the end I will take the average of the plants found and times it to find the total for all the area tested. Here an
