To find out the 5 solutions by testing out the cations and anions.

Title: Identification of cations and anions Objective: To find out the 5 solutions by testing out the cations and anions. Introduction: Such as we have known, the charged particles are called ions. Positive ions are called cations because they travel towards the cathode, such as: aluminium, ammonium, calcium, copper, iron (II), iron (III); Negative ions are called anions because they travel towards the anode, such as: carbonate, chloride, iodide, nitrate, sulphate... In this experiment, we are going to use the tests of anions and cations to test for the 5 solutions. The tests are showed below: Test for anions: Test Test result Carbonate (CO32-) Add dilute acid Effervescence, carbon dioxide produced Chloride (Cl-) (In solution) Acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aqueous silver nitrate White precipitate. Iodide (I-) (In solution) Acidify with dilute nitric, then add aqueous lead(II) nitrate Yellow precipitate. Nitrate (NO3-) Add aqueous sodium hydroxide then aluminium foil; warm carefully Ammonia produced Sulphate (SO42-) (In solution) Acidify then add aqueous barium nitrate White precipitate. Test for aqueous cations Effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide Effect of aqueous ammonia Aluminium (Al3+) White precipitate. Soluble in excess giving a colorless solution White precipitate. Insoluble in excess Ammonium (NH4+) Ammonia produced on

  • Word count: 1424
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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Investigate how the concentration of hydrochloric acid effects the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate.

Abdullah javed 10w/k science coursework Rates of reaction Aim: To investigate how the concentration of hydrochloric acid effects the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate. Introduction: I will be conducting an experiment on the rate of reaction for my gcse coursework. I will be doing this coursework for a period of two weeks. We will be reacting sodium thiosulphate with hydrochloric acid. And i will be investigating how the concentration of hydrochloric acid effects the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate. When sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid are mixed, A yellow precept of sulphur is produced the solution becomes increasingly difficult to see through as more and more sulphur is formed. Prediction: I think that as the amount of sodium thiosulphate is decreased and the volume of water is increased, the reaction time between it and hydrochloric acid will increase. This is because when concentration of a substance increased, it reacts a lot quicker due to there being more particles that want to react with each other. Reactions can only happen when the reactant particles collide, but most collisions are not unsuccessful in forming product molecules. Water has been introduced in this experiment to vary the concentration .If there is more water in the experiment, the less

  • Word count: 608
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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Identification of an organic unknown

Identification of an organic unknown Aim There are many different chemical tests, which enable us to identify an unknown compound. The only thing known about the compound is that it contains one of the following functional groups: * Alkene * Primary alcohol * Tertiary alcohol * Aldehyde * Ketone * Carboxylic acid * Ester * Phenol I devised a sequence of tests that would identify which of the groups the sample contains. Initially I worked out what tests there are for each functional group, and decided which one to use on the basis that each test should be dependent on the result of the previous test, which helped me to arrange the sequence. Apparatus and reagents * Bromine Water * Test tubes/Test tube racks * Acidified Potassium Dichromate (VI) (K2Cr2O7) * 2, 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (2, 4-DNP) * 5% Aqueous Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) * Water Cooled condenser * Clamp and stand * 20 ml - 400 ml Beakers * Measuring Cylinder * Bunsen burner * Phosphorous Pentachloride (PCl5) * Ethanoic acid * Iron (III) Chloride (FeCl3) * Sodium metal (Na) * Tollens Reagent * Sulphuric Acid * Jones's reagent (CrO3-H2SO4 in H2O) * Water bath * Bunsen burner/heating Mantle * 1 ml of 0.5 mols hydroxylamine hydrochloride * Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) * Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) * Ethanol * Lucas reagent [ZnCl2 - conc. HCl] Tabulated chemical tests Test Method

  • Word count: 629
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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Osmosis Project

Osmosis Project What is Osmosis? Osmosis is basically the movement of water molecules from a dilute system solution to a concentrated solution, through a partially permeable membrane. Water molecules are able to pass through the cell membrane because they diffuse whereas sugar molecules are larger and cannot diffuse as easily therefore not being able to pass through. Cell membranes are like visking tubes because they will let some substances through but not others. They are partially permeable membranes. Osmosis is a very important process which enables plants to support themselves by absorbing water and minerals through a partially permeable membrane. Plants are often surrounded by a film of water and a solution. Cell membranes often separate the two and Osmosis will occur. Hot water diffuses and enters at a faster rate because there is more energy whereas cold water enters at a slower rate because there is less energy. What do we have to do? To carry out the Osmosis project we have to measure the amount of water and solution that enters carrot tissue through the partially permeable membrane. We will change the strengths of the solution and then weigh the carrots to see if they are heavier and have absorbed more water and solution. We can change the strengths of the solution by adding water to the solution to weaken it meaning the more water the weaker the solution. We

  • Word count: 977
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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An investigation to see how the energy is released by burning alcohols depends on the number of carbon atoms they contain.

An investigation to see how the energy is released by burning alcohols depends on the number of carbon atoms they contain. Planning My objective for this experiment is to find out how the amount of energy released depends on the number of carbon atom present in the various alcohols. I will use 5 different alcohols, all with different numbers of carbon atoms. The alcohols I will use are: Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol and Pentanol. To work out how energy is released in each case, I will heat up a can fill with 150ml of distilled water by 15 degrees centigrade. Variables I will keep the same throughout the investigation I will need to keep these variables the same to ensure that this is a fair test. o The volume of water in the can. This is to be kept the same because the more water present, the more water particles there are that need to be heated up, which in turn will need a greater amount of energy. By keeping the amount of water present constant, I will see how much alcohol is needed to heat up that certain amount of water, which will tell me how much energy is needed. I will also throw out the water after each experiment and use fresh distilled water so that no excess heat is passed on to the next experiment. o The same can for each experiment. I will need to use the same can for each experiment because different metals conduct heat in different ways. A better

  • Word count: 1756
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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To Investigate the Effect of Changing the Concentration On the Rate of Reaction In Two Experiments

Simon Shepherd 13th February Chemistry Rates of Reaction Practical Coursework Planning Experiment 1 Aim: to investigate the effect of changing the concentration on the rate of reaction in two experiments - sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid, and magnesium and hydrochloric acid. Method: a cross will be drawn on a piece of filter paper and placed underneath a conical flask. The substances required - sodium thiosulphate, hydrochloric acid and water will be measured out. The water will be used to dilute and therefore vary the concentration of the sodium thiosulphate. 5ml will always be measured out of hydrochloric acid as a constant with a 10ml measuring cylinder. The water and sodium thiosulphate will always total to 50ml and will be measured with a measuring cylinder of the same value. The sodium thiosulphate solution will be added first, and as soon as the hydrochloric acid is poured into the conical flask the timer will be started. The reaction will then take place, and the solution will turn cloudy over a period of time. When the cross on the filter paper has been completely obscured, the timer will be stopped and the time taken recorded. The rate can then be calculated by dividing 1 by this value. Diagram: Safety: one of the reactants, hydrochloric acid is corrosive so skin contact with it will be avoided. Sulphur dioxide, a toxic gas, will be produced

  • Word count: 2138
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction.

Reaction of Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid Aim: To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction Prediction I predict that at higher temperatures the Sodium Thiosulphate will react faster with the hydrochloric acid and slower at lower temperatures. This is because at lower temperatures, particles of reacting substances do not have as much energy than particles at higher temperatures. This causes them to move faster with more energy and collide more often therefore the rate of the reaction increases. The mixture of Hydrochloric acid and Sodium Thiosulphate will then form a precipitate of sulphor making the water go cloudy. Equipment * Hydrochloric acid * Sodium Thiosulphate * Conical Flask * Hot water bath What I will do Firstly I will pour 50cm Sodium Thiosulphate into the large measuring cylinder then pour that into the conical flask. Then I will place the thermometer into the conical flask with the Sodium Thiosulphate. I will then place that into the heating bath. When the Sodium Thiosulphate is at the required temperature I will measure 5cm of Hydrochloric acid in the small measuring cylinder and add it to the Sodium Thiosulphate. I will then place the mixture onto the 'X' Mat straight away. I will then start the stop clock. I will then wait until the mixture turns cloudy and I can no longer see the cross. Then I will stop the

  • Word count: 320
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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Venus Project.

Aim: I am going to investigate which metals would be best to build a spacecraft that would survive on the surface of Venus. I will find out the maximum temperature on Venus, the melting point of each metal I test, the position of each metal in the reactivity series and the significant reactive substances in the atmosphere of Venus. I will be provided with samples of: Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Nickel Iron Tin Copper (In order of reactivity) Information On Venus: Astronomers refer to Venus as Earths sister planet. Both are similar size, mass, density and volume. Both formed about the same time and condensed out of the same nebula. However, during the last few years scientists have found that the kinship ends here. Venus is very different from the earth. It has no oceans and is surrounded by heavy atmosphere composed mainly of carbon dioxide with virtually no water vapour. Its clouds are composed of Sulfuric acid droplets. At the surface, the atmospheric pressure is 92 times that of the Earth's sea level. Venus, the second planet from the sun, is the hottest world in the Solar System. It is blanketed by a thick atmosphere that heats its surface like the inside of a greenhouse. It has a surface temperature of almost 900 degrees Fahrenheit (480 C). Mass: 4.869e+24 Mass (Earth=1): 0.81476 Equatorial radius (km): 6,051.8 Equatorial radius (Earth=1): 0.9488 Metals-

  • Word count: 796
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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Heat of Neutralisation - I am going to investigate the heat of neutralisation between acids and alkalis.

Heat of Neutralisation. I am going to investigate the heat of neutralisation between acids and alkalis. Prediction I predict that no matter what strong acid and alkali react together you will always get the same heat of neutralisation because the same reaction is always taking place. E.g. . HCl and NaOH 2. HNO3 and NaOH 3. NO3 and KOH . H++Cl¯+Na+ + OH¯ Na++Cl¯ + H2O H+ + OH¯ H2O 2. H+ + NO3¯+ Na++OH¯ Na+ + NO3¯+ H2O H+ + OH¯ H2O 3. H+ + NO3¯ + K+ + OH¯ K+ + NO3¯ + H2O H++ OH¯ H2O I am also going to react 2 weak acids (ethanoic acid and propanoic acid) with a strong alkali (sodium hydroxide.) I predict that the energy change i.e. the heat of neutralisation will not be same as before because with weak acids and alkalis some energy is required to fully ionise them. Heat of neutralisation is the heat change when an acid and an alkali react together to form 1 mole of water. Fair Test To ensure the investigation is made fair I will always use the same concentration of acid and alkali (1 mole.) The experiments will always be carried out at room temperature so the initial temperature is the same. I will also repeat the experiments to obtain good results, if the results vary in any way I will calculate the average. Apparatus Measuring Cylinders Pipettes Thermometers Polystyrene Cup Safety To ensure the experiments are carried

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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How does temperature affect rate of reaction?

Chemistry How does temperature affect rate of reaction? How does changing the temperature of Hydrochloric acid affect the amount of hydrogen given in a reaction with Magnesium? Does the amount of Hydrogen change? Does the speed of the reaction change? Experiment information: Acid used : Hydrochloric (1 Molar) Metal used : Magnesium (ribbon) Temperature variation 0C : 200 - 300 - 400 - 500 - 600 Amounts : 5 cm of Mg ribbon, 100 ml of acid Method: I took equal amounts of Magnesium and placed them in acids of varying temperature (see above). To create heat, I used a bunson. The solutions were held in boiling tubes, and a bung and rubber tubing was used to catch the escaping gas. This tube was placed into a hot water bath beneath a water-filled measuring cylinder. The temperature of the boiling tubes was monitored using a thermometer. Using a stopwatch, I measured the amount of hydrogen gas produced at 15 second intervals. To make sure the experiment was carried out fairly, the only variable changed was the temperature of the acid. All the containers used were as similar as possible, and fresh acid was used for each experiment, to maintain concentration. The same bunson, water bath, measuring cylinder, rubber tube and stopwatch were used throughout. Prediction: I predict that the outcome of this experiment will result in the Hydrogen being produced at a

  • Word count: 964
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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