Extracting Copper from Malachite
Chemistry Extracting Copper from Malachite We extracted Copper from Malachite using a displacement reaction. Although electrolysis can also be used. We used 5g of malachite and dissolved it in sulphuric acid; this was to separate the sand and the copper, because the copper dissolves into the solution but the sand remains separate. This was an exothermic reaction. We then filtered the solution to separate the sand from the Copper Sulphate solution. We then dried the sand in order to remove any excess water and weighed it. Then using a displacement reaction we added zinc to the solution (because it is higher in the reactivity series than copper) the solution gradually turned light blue, producing zinc sulphate. After flittering this solution copper was formed. We then weighed the copper. Results Sand = 1.91g Copper Ore = 3.09g Copper = 1.58g % Copper in Malachite = 1.58 5 100 = 31.6% %Copper on Copper Ore = 1.58 3.09 100 = 51.4 Theoretical % CuCO Cu(OH) H 0 2 Cu 63.5 2 = 127 6 O 16 6 = 96 4 H 1 4 = 4 1 C 12 1 = 12 Total= 239 Cu = 127 = 127 239 100 = 53% Evaluation Our plan worked considerably well as we succeeded in extracting copper from its ore. The theoretical percentage is the approximate percentage of Cu that should've been extracted throughout the experiment. So there should have been 53% of Cu extracted. In our experiment
Water Crisis. This term refers to the global problem of lack of access to clean water to the people of this earth.
Introduction What is the “Water Crisis” exactly? This term refers to the global problem of lack of access to clean water to the people of this earth. While the world's population tripled in the 20th century, the use of renewable water resources has grown six-fold. Within the next fifty years, the world population will increase by another 40 to 50 %. This population growth coupled with industrialization and urbanization will result in an increasing demand for water and will have serious consequences on the environment. This image shows the scarcity in most parts of the world. This scarcity affects people in many ways. Countless number of people die every day because of lack water, water-borne diseases and lack of water to water their crops. Facts about the Water Crisis: . 884 million people lack access to safe water supplies; approximately one in eight people. 2. 3.575 million people die each year from water-related disease. 3. Every 20 seconds, a child dies from a water-related disease. 4. Over 50 percent of all water projects fail and less than five percent of projects are visited, and far less than one percent have any long-term monitoring. 5. More than 80% of sewage in developing countries is discharged and untreated, polluting rivers, lakes and coastal areas. Why is water an inseparable part of life? The human body is 75% water and our blood is 90% water.
Acid Rain and its effects on the Taj Mahal
Definition of Acid Rain . Precipitation that has a pH of less than that of natural rainwater (which is about 5.6 due to dissolved carbon dioxide). 2. It is formed when sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides, as gases or fine particles in the atmosphere, combine with water vapor and precipitate as sulphuric acid or nitric acid in rain, snow, or fog. Causes of Acid Rain . Emissions from volcanoes and from biological processes that occur on the land, in wetlands, and in the oceans contribute acid-producing gases to the atmosphere 2. Effects of acidic deposits have been detected in glacial ice thousands of years old in remote parts of the globe 3. The principal cause of acid rain is from human sources 4. Industrial factories, power-generating plants and vehicles 5. Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen are released during the fuel burning process (i.e. combustion) Affected Areas . Industrial acid rain is a substantial problem in China, Eastern Europe and Russia and areas down-wind from them. 2. Acid rain from power plants in the Midwest United States has also harmed the forests of upstate New York and New England. 3. This shows that the effects of acid rain can spread over a large area, far from the source of the pollution Effects of Acid Rain . Increased acidity in water bodies 2. Stops eggs of certain organisms (e.g. fish) to stop hatching 3. Changes
How are products from oil obtained and used?
How are products from oil obtained and used? Crude oil is a vital substance used frequently in our everyday lives. However we are all aware that oil is being used faster than it can be produced and that there are only scarce amounts left. The question is how can we make these products last as long as possible and what are the alternatives? Crude oil is a fossil fuel, made naturally from decaying plants and animals living in ancient seas millions of years ago. It is usually found under the ground and under the sea in certain parts of the world such as the Middle East and Texas, in the USA. Although crude oil is very important substance, the oil itself has no direct use, so has to be refined. The first step in the refinery of crude oil is fractional distillation. Fractional distillation is used to separate fractions such as gasoline, bitumen, kerosene, petroleum, fuel oil, etc from crude oil. During fractional distillation the crude oil is split into a variety of fractions, during the process each fraction of the crude oil will evaporate and can therefore be collected by condensing it. This means that if you know the certain boiling points of each fraction you can separate the certain substance you need. The process begins in the oil refinery. In the oil refinery the crude oil is heated to turn the oil in to a vapour; it is then fed into the bottom of the fractionating
The metals used in the creation of computers
Despite modern day computers being incredibly complex machines, capable of completing an increasingly large assortment of computations at once, computers are made of three simple materials: silicon, copper and plastics. This report will specify what exactly each material is, where the material is obtained, how the material is processed and why each material is used in the creation of computers. The most vital component used in the manufacturing of computers is silicon. Over 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the “second most abundant element in the earth's crust” after oxygen. Silica occurs in minerals consisting of very pure silicon dioxide in crystalline forms including agate, quartz, flint, jasper and opal. To extract and process the element silicon from the silica, it must be reduced (have the oxygen removed from it). This is accomplished by heating a mixture of silica and carbon in an electric arc furnace to a temperature in excess of 2,000°C. The carbon reacts with the oxygen in the silica to produce carbon dioxide (a by-product) and silicon (which settles in the bottom of the furnace). The silicon is then treated with oxygen to reduce any calcium and aluminum impurities. The end product of this process is a substance referred to as “metallurgical-grade silicon”, which is up to 99% pure. Metallurgical-grade silicon has
Why is Aluminium utilised in the contemporary world, for the construction of aircraft and rockets, more so than other metals and substances?
Why is Aluminium utilised in the contemporary world, for the construction of aircraft and rockets, more so than other metals and substances? Aluminium is used extravagantly in the contemporary world, primarily due to its unique structure and desirable properties. Further, aluminium is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust; thus, scarcity is not a problem. It is a member of the Boron group of chemical elements, and is ‘the most widely used non-ferrous metal’ (Planet Ark, 2010). It has the symbol Al, and its atomic number is 13. It is necessary to consider the fact that ‘pure aluminium is not often used as it has poor mechanical properties. It is usually alloyed with other metals or silicon’ (Chemical Industry Education Centre, 2011). A key area in which aluminium alloys are utilised is for the construction of aircraft and rockets. Aircraft manufacturers use high-strength aluminium alloys for the construction of aircraft and rockets. This is because aluminium (the predominant element of the alloy) is able to be compounded with other metals and substances, is highly malleable, resistant to corrosion and consists of a high strength to density ratio, in comparison to other metals. ‘Aluminium is used in virtually all segments of the aircraft, missile and spacecraft industry-in airframes, engines, accessories, and tankage for liquid fuel and oxidizers’
Causes of Global Warming
Global Warming Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate. Even though it is an ongoing debate, it is proved by the scientists that the planet is warming. The 29th century is experiencing a continued increase of Earth’s mean atmospheric temperature by about 1.4 degrees F and about two thirds of it occurring since 1980. This is global warming is affecting the nature’s balance and has a huge impact on life like continued heat waves, and sudden occurrence of storms and floods. Don’t we see time to time the epidemics that are devastating to human life and the flooding of the farmlands that puts economy in a deep hole? Scientific evidence indicates that since 1950, the world’s climate has been warming, primarily as a result of emissions from non -stop burning of fossil fuels and the razing of tropical forests. Since the industrial revolution till this day, there is a constant emission of the carbon into the atmosphere, everything we do we leave carbon footprints. It is a man made cause of the global warming. The global emissions jumped 3 percent in 2011 and are expected to jump another 2.6 percent in 2012, researchers reported. The greenhouse effect is a process by which the greenhouse gases absorb
The Earth's Atmosphere and Air Pollution
The Earth's Atmosphere and Air Poll ution Approximately 4600 million years ago the Earth formed, when hot, dense masses of gas and dust around the sun collapsed on itself - this was caused by gravity. A mass of gas and dust got hotter and hotter as the particles were pulled in and squashed together. It then began to cool down, solidify and break up into chunks called planets - one of which was Earth.[1] Around 4.5 billion years ago. The early atmosphere most likely formed from the huge volumes of gases given out by volcanoes. These gases were mainly Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapour but smaller proportions of other gases such as Ammonia and methane. Ammonia was broken down by sunlight and by its reaction with oxygen, this formed nitrogen. Nitrogen is an unreactive gas. Once released into the atmosphere, nitrogen reacts with other substances only with difficulty. So the levels of nitrogen in the atmosphere increased until they reached today’s level. The early atmosphere was probably mostly carbon dioxide, with little or no oxygen. There were smaller proportions of water vapour, ammonia and methane. As the Earth cooled down, most of the water vapour condensed and formed the oceans. So then the atmosphere was mainly Carbon Dioxide [2] Over many millions of years the amount of carbon dioxide of the air decreased, while the amount of oxygen increased. The main reason for the
Are Electric Cars better for the Environment?
Hamza Khalif 11E Are Electric Cars better for the Environment? Introduction In this case study, I will be talking about whether electric cars are better for the Environment. In this discussion I would be talking about the pros and cons about electric cars and the impact it has on the Environment. The Science behind electric cars A non-electric vehicle contains an internal combustion engine and related parts such as a fuel tank, fuel lines, cooling system, and an exhaust pipe system. Electric cars, on the other hand, are more powerful directly by electricity rather than a combustible fuel. An electric car has a rechargeable battery, at least one electric motor, a controller that feeds from electricity to the electric motor(s) based on input from the accelerator pedal, and a charging system. In a modern electric passenger car, the electricity to power the electric motors is as long as by a rechargeable battery pack, an onboard gasoline-engine generator, or a hydrogen fuel cell. In most electric cars, such as the Nissan Leaf, electricity is supplied by a rechargeable battery pack that can be plugged into one of three power sources: a standard household outlet, an advanced home charging system that cuts recharging time in partial, or a quick-charge station provided by a city or public value. When an electric car's battery pack needs to be recharged, plugging the car in to
The Electrolysis Of Copper Sulphate Solution Using Copper Electrodes
The Electrolysis Of Copper Sulphate Solution Using Copper Electrodes Plan Variables * Temperature of the electrolyte * The concentration of the electrolyte * The separation of he electrodes * The size of the electrodes * Current Only the mass or size of the electrodes, and the current are being investigated, therefore in order for this to be a fair test, the other factors must be kept constant. The temperature was monitored during the preliminary results, and the higher the current the higher the temperature change, which in the 1A reading was 5º C, therefore to keep it as constant as possible the current will be as low as possible, and monitored, so that it does not change during the experiment There will be a thermometer in the electrolyte so that the temperature can be monitored. The same CuS04 will be used throughout so the concentration is the same, and the same spacing between electrodes will be used. The size of the electrodes should be the same, but they will be reused, so the size will change from experiment to experiment. . Scrub copper electrodes with wire wool 2. Rinse in distilled water 3. Dry with propanone 4. Weigh and record anode and cathode 5. Put into circuit ate set current value, with crocodile clips, making sure the clips are not touching the copper sulphate. 6. Time for ten minutes 7. remove and dry, weigh and record result
